巢湖完全氨氧化细菌的丰度、群落结构及其影响因素研究

完全氨氧化过程（complete ammonia oxidation, comammox）的发现使研究者们对硝化作用和氮循环都有了新的认识.本研究选取巢湖冬夏季表层（0~10 cm）沉积物样品,运用高通量测序、实时定量PCR等分子生物学技术对comammox细菌的丰度和群落结构进行研究.结果表明：基于amoA基因的comammox细菌的丰度为（5.20±0.72）×10⁶~（4.06±1.23）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化古菌的丰度为（5.39±1.01）×10⁵~（1.60±0.18）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化细菌的丰度为（6.16±1.57）×10⁵~（4.30±0.19）×10⁶ copies·g^-1.comammox细菌的绝对丰度显著高于氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌.多样性分析表明冬季巢湖表层沉积物中的comammox细菌的物种多样性大于夏季.其中Candidatus Nitrospira nitrificans、Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa和Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度最高占比分别为78.72%、49.80%和6.28%,且夏季样点中Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度显著高于冬季样点.主坐标分析（Principle Coordinate Analysis, PcoA）结果表明,comammox细菌的群落结构具有明显的时间异质性.理化因子中,NH₄⁺和NO₃^-与comammox细菌的丰度呈负相关关系.本研究在一定程度上揭示了comammox细菌的丰度、群落组成、多样性及其与理化因子的关系.     

Quantitative Response of Vegetation in Glacial Moraine of Central Himalaya

The snowline in Himalaya is rising ceaselessly due to regional and global climatic change. Upward rising of snowline leads to the formation of moraines. Due to extreme environmental conditions the existing vegetation of the moraine is scanty, rigorous and possesses different ecological adaptation. Ablation zone of the glacier is covered by a thick pile of supra glacial moraines and is characterized by several serrac ice sections, melting into pools of supra glacial lakes because of subsidence and fast degenerating nature of the glacier. Anaphalis triplinervis was observed to have highest importance value in ablation moraine zone. Here the species richness increased remarkably partially due to the invasion of plant species from lower alpine belt. The fresh lateral moraine displays distressed soil features with mosaic type of vegetation. Gaultheria trichophylla is a dominant plant species here and is associated with other stunted and cold resisting species. The old lateral moraine is dominated by Potentilla atrosanguinea with co-dominant species Iris kemaonensis and Danthonia cachemyriana.     

影响发根农杆菌对野葛遗传转化效率的因素

研究了发根农杆菌R1601对野葛（Pueraria lobata)进行遗传转化的影响因素,结果表明：叶片是转化效率较高的外植体,经发根农杆菌R1601感染12d后可获得毛状根;降低YEB活化液的pH值,或以肌醇（10g/L)代替醇母提取成分,可明显提高菌种的致根性,叶片预培养2－3d可提前3－4d出根。     

基于城市火灾风险的消防站分级覆盖选址模型——以济南市区为例

为更科学规划消防站选址,实现有限资源下应急资源的合理配置,提高消防站联动效率,根据“不同火灾风险等级的需求点应得到主管消防站和不同数量增援消防站服务”的原则,提出1种消防站分级覆盖选址模型,同时使用覆盖衰减函数表示消防站对需求点的覆盖度;基于遗传算法设计消防站分级覆盖选址模型的求解流程;以济南市区为例,基于POI和火灾数据,使用核密度分析法进行城市火灾风险分级,进而对选址模型进行验证。结果表明:以覆盖火灾风险值为评价指标,分级覆盖选址模型的选址结果优于现状消防站、广义最大覆盖模型、P-中位模型和P-中心模型。     

从我国畜禽品种资源特点出发的保种战略

本文论述了对我国畜禽品种资源保护的两种战略及依据,即被动保种战略与主动保种战略。这一研究结论是基于我国畜禽品种资源的现状与特点:即拥有丰富的品种资源(共有601个品种与类型,其中本国地方品种385个)多样化的性能与产品对世界畜牧业的贡献面临经济发展的严峻挑战以及处于变化中的品种结构等。对于那些濒于灭绝及濒危中的品种,可采取被动保种的办法而对于尚未濒危但有潜在危险的大多数地方品种,则应采取主动保种的办法,将保种与开发相结合。并在主动保种方面提供了滩羊与湖羊保种研究中的两个实例以做说明。     

中国癌症与土壤中钼元素的关系

利用土壤中钼元素资料 110 376个数据 ,癌死亡调查资料 7870 80例 ,研究了胃癌、食管癌、肝癌、宫颈癌、肺癌、大肠癌、白血病、鼻咽癌、乳腺癌死亡率与人群生存区土壤环境中钼元素的关系。结果表明 ,胃癌、食管癌、宫颈癌死亡率与钼元素有相关性 ,等级相关系数分别为 - 0 .4 2 4 6( P<0 .0 2 5) ,- 0 .54 53( P<0 .0 0 2 5) ,- 0 .3369( P<0 .0 5)。     

长期放射性环境下微生物群落多样性变化

针对某铀尾渣库,通过深层垂直钻井方式采集了多个点位不同深度的铀尾渣样品,基于Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究了库区微生物群落的三维空间分布,阐释了长期放射性环境下微生物群落的多样性变化和环境因子的相关关系.结果表明,铀尾渣样品间的理化性质差异显著,放射性环境显著降低了微生物多样性水平,但仍存在优势菌群(丰...     

基于MLST鄱阳湖微囊藻的遗传多样性及其系统发育

为了研究鄱阳湖微囊藻的遗传多样性及其系统发育关系，基于7个管家基因（ftsZ、glnA、gltX、gyrB、pgi、recA和tpi），建立了一个多位点序列分型（MLST）方法.对来自鄱阳湖的20株微囊藻分离株进行MLST研究，并构建本地微囊藻MLST基因库.结果表明：这20株藻株具有20种独特的序列型（STs），揭示了微囊藻高水平的遗传多样性（H=0.986）.基于7个MLST位点串联序列的系统发育分析显示，微囊藻藻株序列型可分为5个不同的组.与之前日本湖泊研究的237个STs共建的系统发育树比对表明，本研究的STs形成了独立的分枝.该结果说明不同地区的微囊藻是相对稳定的，因此可以用MLST进行明确的表征.     

Whole genome amplification from a single cell: a new era for preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a technique used for determining the genetic status of a single cell biopsied from embryos or oocytes. Genetic analysis from a single cell is both rewarding and challenging, especially in PGD. The starting material is very limited and not replaceable, and the diagnosis has to be made in a very short time. Different whole genome amplification (WGA) techniques have been developed to specifically increase the DNA quantities originating from clinical samples with limited DNA contents. In this review, currently available WGA techniques are introduced and, among them, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is discussed in detail. MDA generates abundant assay-ready DNA to perform broad panels of genetic assays through its ability to rapidly amplify genomes from single cells. The utilization of MDA for single-cell molecular analysis is expanding at a high rate, and MDA is expected to soon become an integral part of PGD. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Condition of the Soil Fauna near the Epicenter of an Underground Nuclear Explosion in the Northern Urals

Radioactive contamination affects soil organisms and causes profound structural rearrangements in soil zoocenoses, which are manifested in the decreased species diversity of invertebrate communities and low relative abundance of large soil invertebrates. However, these communities gradually recover their initial structure. The soil biota near the epicenter of an underground nuclear explosion performed 30 years ago in Perm oblast has been studied to reveal specific structural features of the soil macro- and microfauna. Its structural diversity is considered with regard to such components as species (taxonomic) composition, the structure of dominance, and the ratio of ecological and trophic groups.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 171–179.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kolesnikova, Taskaeva, Krivolutskii, Taskaev.