洞庭湖湿地景观格局变化以及三峡工程蓄水对其影响

通过对近20 a遥感影像的解译分析,结果表明：洞庭湖湿地景观格局变化较为迅速,在几种湿地景观类型中,芦苇分布面积稳定增长,由475 km²增至751 km²,年均增加13.1 km²,湖草的分布面积比较稳定,而水面与泥滩的分布面积则大幅减少。湿地格局演变总体上呈现芦苇挤占湖草的分布空间、湖草挤占水面泥滩的态势。分析认为泥沙淤积和湖泊水情变化改变了洲滩的淹水历时,引起植被分布的变化,是影响洞庭湖湿地景观格局的主要因素。2000年后,随着泥沙淤积减缓,湖泊水情变化对湿地景观格局影响更为重要,其中三峡水库的运行使洞庭湖中、低位洲滩提前出露,淹水历时缩短,导致湖草的分布界线明显向下延伸     

Performance assessment and microbial diversity of two pilot scale multi-stage sub-surface flow constructed wetland systems

This study assessed the performance and diversity of microbial communities in multi-stage sub-surface flow constructed wetland systems(CWs). Our aim was to assess the impact of configuration on treatment performance and microbial diversity in the systems. Results indicate that at loading rates up to 100 g BOD5/(m2·day), similar treatment performances can be achieved using either a 3 or 4 stage configuration. In the case of phosphorus(P), the impact of configuration was less obvious and a minimum of 80% P removal can be expected for loadings up to 10 g P/(m2·day) based on the performance results obtained within the first16 months of operation. Microbial analysis showed an increased bacterial diversity in stage four compared to the first stage. These results indicate that the design and configuration of multi-stage constructed wetland systems may have an impact on the treatment performance and the composition of the microbial community in the systems, and such knowledge can be used to improve their design and performance.     

Changes in distribution patterns of weed species richness in agricultural lands on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under climate change北大核心CSCD

农田杂草是阻碍农业生产的主要因素之一.明确农田杂草丰富度分布格局对农业生产管理具有重要意义.以青藏高原农田杂草为研究对象,利用物种分布模型探讨基于县域尺度的农田杂草物种丰富度分布格局及其未来(2050s)的变化,利用逐步回归筛选影响物种丰富度的环境因子,基于传统最小二乘法(OLS)和地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析环境因子对农田杂草物种丰富度的影响,并对两种分析方法进行比较.结果显示:(1)分布在青藏高原的农田主要杂草有51科284种,其中59种单子叶杂草、222种双子叶杂草、135种一年生杂草和149种多年生杂草.青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度呈由西向东递增的变化规律,物种丰富度中心(丰富度值为167-194)主要集中在一江两河、河湟谷地和川西北等地区;(2)全球气候变化背景下,未来(2050s)青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度整体呈由东南向西北方向增加的趋势,其中SSP1-2.6情境下最多增加43种,SSP5-8.5情境下最多增加49种;(3)GWR模型优于OLS,其结果表明青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度的主要驱动因子是最冷季平均温、太阳辐射和最干月降水量,上述变量对杂草丰富度的影响存在明显的空间差异性,其中最冷季平均温由南向北逐渐从负向影响转变为正向影响.太阳辐射整体在青藏高原东部边缘等地区对农田杂草丰富度起正向的影响,在藏东南、青藏高原北部边缘等地区起负向的影响.最干月降水量对整个研究区域起负向影响,并表现出影响力由南向北逐步递增的趋势.上述结果表明青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度调查不足,实际观测到的丰富度值明显低于当前气候下潜在的丰富度值,存在低估现象.当前气候背景下的农田杂草物种丰富度中心分布地区在未来仍是重点监管对象,且未来青藏高原部分地区作物可能面临新的杂草入侵风险.建议未来研究应注重于青藏高原粮食主产区农田杂草群落结构和功能调查、杂草和作物种间关系、耕地尺度上丰富度驱动因子分析等方面,为区域杂草管理和防治提供充分科学依据.(图6表2参53)     

Hydrobiogeochemical Controls on Riparian Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics: 10 Years Post‐Restoration

Little is known about the impact of agricultural legacy on subsurface biogeochemical processes in the years following restoration of riparian wetlands (WLs). More knowledge is also needed on the relative importance of seasons, precipitation events, and inputs of water and nutrients driving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and greenhouse gas (GHG) (N₂O, CO₂, CH₄) dynamics in these systems. This investigation of a riparian zone comprising a restored WL area and a nonrestored well‐drained alluvium (AL) area in the United States Midwest revealed that despite successful hydrological restoration a decade earlier, biogeochemical conditions in the WL area remained less anoxic than in natural WLs, and not significantly different from those in the AL area. No significant differences in N, P, S, and C compound concentrations or fluxes were observed between the AL and WL areas. Over the duration of the study, nitrate (NO₃^?) and soluble reactive phosphorus appeared to be primarily driven by hillslope contributions. Ammonium (NH₄⁺), sulfate (SO₄^2?), and CO₂ responded strongly to seasonal changes in biogeochemical conditions in the riparian zone, while N₂O and CH₄ fluxes were most influenced by large rewetting events. Overall, our results challenge overly simplistic assumptions derived from direct interpretation of redox thermodynamics, and show complex patterns of solutes and GHGs at the riparian zone scale.     

Land Use and Climate Variability Amplify Carbon,Nutrient, and Contaminant Pulses: A Review with Management Implications

Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urbanization is increasing globally at the same time climate extremes have increased in frequency and intensity. We review >200 studies of hydrologic and gaseous fluxes and show how the interaction between land use and climate variability alters magnitude and frequency of carbon, nutrient, and greenhouse gas pulses in watersheds. Agricultural and urban watersheds respond similarly to climate variability due to headwater alteration and loss of ecosystem services to buffer runoff and temperature changes. Organic carbon concentrations/exports increase and organic carbon quality changes with runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorus exports increase during floods (sometimes by an order of magnitude) and decrease during droughts. Relationships between annual runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus exports differ across land use. CH₄ and N₂O pulses in riparian zones/floodplains predominantly increase with: flooding, warming, low oxygen, nutrient enrichment, and organic carbon. CH₄, N₂O, and CO₂ pulses in streams/rivers increase due to similar factors but effects of floods are less known compared to base flow/droughts. Emerging questions include: (1) What factors influence lag times of contaminant pulses in response to extreme events? (2) What drives resistance/resilience to hydrologic and gaseous pulses? We conclude with eight recommendations for managing watershed pulses in response to interactive effects of land use and climate change.     

ZnCo-LDHs改性人工湿地沸石基质对城市污水的净化效果

选取常用的垂直流人工湿地沸石基质,采用金属离子物质的量比(Zn~(2+)∶Co~(3+))为2∶1在碱性环境下共沉淀生成ZnCo-LDHs,并覆膜于沸石基质表面,分析了改性前后基质的物化特性;构建模拟垂直流人工湿地基质试验柱,对改性前后2种沸石基质对城市污水的净化效果进行了研究。结果表明:Zn Co-LDHs覆膜改性沸石基质的方法是可行的;ZnCo-LDHs覆膜于基质表面,改变了原始沸石基质的物理化学特性,促进了基质对污染物的物理拦截和物化吸附作用;ZnCo-LDHs改性基质对城市污水中CODCr、氨氮、TP的净化效果均有所提高,其平均去除率分别达到了76%、63%和88%。     

三江平原挠力河流域湿地生态特征变化研究

经过近半个世纪的垦荒,挠力河流域湿地生态特征发生了明显的改变,大量湿地被垦殖,湿地面积逐年减少;湿地资源的破坏,造成环境污染严重,土壤有机质含量大大降低;土地沙化、盐碱化面积不断扩大;灾害性气候发生频率增加;动植物等多样性资源急剧减少。挠力河流域作为“北大荒”的重要组成部分,生态环境的剧烈变化也就很具有代表性了。伴随着新千年“北大荒”停止一切垦殖湿地、草地和林地的措施出台,挠力河流域也迎来了退耕还林、还牧、还湿的调整时期。     

敦煌市鸣沙山月牙泉自然遗产保全的研究

鸣沙山月牙泉自然遗产是世界上罕见的奇特沙漠景观。随着当地旅游业的发展和地下水的不合理开采利用,使月牙泉呈现干涸的趋势,鸣沙山的生态景观受到严重破坏。为了保全这一自然遗产,通过实地考察和数据资料的比较分析研究,提出4个方面的措施:第一,合理开发利用祁连山雪山融水、“引哈济党”,解决区域的用水水源问题;第二,狭管效应、生物降解被(BiodegradableScreen)护岸、生态理念,改善月牙泉形成的地理环境;第三,建立绿色植被隔离带;第四,建立国家级沙漠公园。     

人工湿地中微生物生态的研究进展

人工湿地作为一种廉价的传统废水处理技术的替代技术已被应用于多种废水的处理。目前对湿地系统中水生植物、微生物、基质和污染物之间的相互作用机理还不完全清楚,文章从微生物生态的角度论述了微生物在人工湿地中的分布特征及影响因素,水生植物对微生物的作用,以及目前微生物多样性研究的策略。     

若尔盖高原湿地生物多样性保护及其可持续利用

论述了川西北高寒湿地的自然概况及其形成原因,分析该区湿地的主要生物多样性价值,分布有具有世界意义的特有物种（黑颈鹤）和珍稀濒危物种,并且还分布有许多具有重要经济意义和具有科学研究价值的物种,但近几年来,人类活动的频繁干扰,如泥炭开采、过度放牧而破坏植被,再加上本区气候因素的特殊性,局部地区已引起沙化,使本区的生物多样性减少。由此而提出相应的生物多样性保护和可持续利用对策：协调人类活动与生物多样性保护的关系；严控载畜量,发展人工草场；发挥本地优势,利用泥炭治沙；建立湿地自然保护区；加强湿地立法