Land Use and Climate Variability Amplify Carbon,Nutrient, and Contaminant Pulses: A Review with Management Implications

Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urbanization is increasing globally at the same time climate extremes have increased in frequency and intensity. We review >200 studies of hydrologic and gaseous fluxes and show how the interaction between land use and climate variability alters magnitude and frequency of carbon, nutrient, and greenhouse gas pulses in watersheds. Agricultural and urban watersheds respond similarly to climate variability due to headwater alteration and loss of ecosystem services to buffer runoff and temperature changes. Organic carbon concentrations/exports increase and organic carbon quality changes with runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorus exports increase during floods (sometimes by an order of magnitude) and decrease during droughts. Relationships between annual runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus exports differ across land use. CH₄ and N₂O pulses in riparian zones/floodplains predominantly increase with: flooding, warming, low oxygen, nutrient enrichment, and organic carbon. CH₄, N₂O, and CO₂ pulses in streams/rivers increase due to similar factors but effects of floods are less known compared to base flow/droughts. Emerging questions include: (1) What factors influence lag times of contaminant pulses in response to extreme events? (2) What drives resistance/resilience to hydrologic and gaseous pulses? We conclude with eight recommendations for managing watershed pulses in response to interactive effects of land use and climate change.     

基于GWR模型的天山北坡经济带PM2.5浓度反演及时空特征分析

构建PM_(2.5)浓度与相关因子的关系模型已成为获取干旱区经济带连续变化PM_(2.5)浓度数据的有效手段之一。本文以天山北坡经济带为研究对象,基于PM_(2.5)浓度监测数据、中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)的气溶胶光学厚度数据(aerosol optical depth,AOD)和气象数据,利用地理加权回归模型(geographically weighted regression,GWR)反演了研究区2018年3～11月PM_(2.5)浓度,进而分析其时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)相比多元回归模型(multiple linear regression,MLR),GWR模型在天山北坡经济带的PM_(2.5)浓度反演效果更优,决定系数R2、平均绝对误差MAE和均方根误差RMSE分别为0.897、4.569μg/m~3和5.627μg/m~3,明显优于MLR模型的0.819、5.825μg/m~3和7.731μg/m~3;(2)天山北坡经济带PM_(2.5)浓度在月尺度上呈"凹字型"变化特征,其中11月最高,达到59.50μg/m~3,3月和10月次之,9月最低,仅为17.92μg/m~3;在季节尺度上表现出秋季(9～11月)春季(3～5月)夏季(6～8月)的变化特征,其中春季呈波动下降趋势,夏季总体维持在较低水平,秋季呈急剧上升趋势;(3)在空间分布上,研究区PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出"东高西低"的特征,峰值出现在乌鲁木齐附近,说明经济带东部地区PM_(2.5)污染相对严重,尤其是乌鲁木齐。     

Effects of anthropogenic landscapes on population maintenance of waterbirds

Anthropogenic impacts have reduced natural areas but increased the area of anthropogenic landscapes. There is debate about whether anthropogenic landscapes (e.g., farmlands, orchards, and fish ponds) provide alternatives to natural habitat and under what circumstances. We considered whether anthropogenic landscapes can mitigate population declines for waterbirds. We collected data on population trends and biological traits of 1203 populations of 579 species across the planet. Using Bayesian generalized linear mixed models, we tested whether the ability of a species to use an anthropogenic landscape can predict population trends of waterbird globally and of species of conservation concern. Anthropogenic landscapes benefited population maintenance of common but not less-common species. Conversely, the use of anthropogenic landscapes was associated with population declines for threatened species. Our findings delineate some limitations to the ability of anthropogenic landscapes to mitigate population declines, suggesting that the maintenance of global waterbird populations depends on protecting remaining natural areas and improving the habitat quality in anthropogenic landscapes. Article impact statement: Protecting natural areas and improving the quality of anthropogenic landscapes as habitat are both needed to achieve effective conservation.     

“双十一”与日常网络购物关注度耦合协调的空间格局及驱动研究

挖掘"双十一"与日常网络购物之间的耦合关注特征对制定营销策略和调配运输资源具有重大意义。基于百度指数获取网络用户对"双十一"与日常网络购物的关注度,计算它们之间的耦合协调度并分析其空间格局与驱动机制。结果表明:①关注度两极分化显著,大部分城市的耦合协调等级较低。②耦合协调度空间正相关显著,呈现出东—中—西空间分异格局。③住户存款余额影响作用最大,消费能力决定消费倾向。④华北和东北地区属于消费主导区,西北和西南地区属于次消费主导区,华南地区属于生产主导区。