大连市中心城区地下水“三氮”污染分析

依据《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-1993),对大连市中心城区2006-2010年地下水"三氮"监测资料进行分析。结果表明,"三氮"的检出率(最高为100%)和超标率(最高为58.8%)都较高,其中亚硝酸盐氮超标显著。氨氮浓度各年均值均超标,呈波动变化;亚硝酸盐氮浓度各年均值均超标,并呈上升趋势;硝酸盐氮各年均值波动变化,总体呈上升趋势。除2009年以外,其他4年中丰水期的硝酸盐氮浓度都比枯水期高;除2007年外,其他4年中的丰水期氨氮浓度都比枯水期低。"三氮"最高浓度值主要出现在中心城区周边区域。     

徐州市辐射环境质量现状分析

按照江苏省辐射环境质量监测实施方案,徐州市对大气、水、土壤进行了布点监测,通过分析2007—2011年辐射环境监测数据,得出结论为:徐州市辐射环境整体质量为良好,且相对稳定,在未来几年内,仍将保持良好的状态。     

乌鲁木齐市土地利用景观格局变化研究

运用GIS、RS技术及景观生态学理论和方法,基于乌鲁木齐市2006年和2010年遥感影像解译数据,对乌鲁木齐市5年间土地利用景观格局变化特征进行分析,分别从斑块类型和景观水平2个方面对研究区土地利用景观类型进行动态分析。揭示其变化原因和内在规律,为研究区生态治理提供数据支撑,对景观的规划与管理、资源的有效利用和生物多样性保护具有重要意义。     

北京地区冬季典型PM2.5重污染案例分析

对2013年1月10—14日发生的持续性PM2.5重污染过程从污染过程演变、气象条件影响、与气态污染物关系、区域污染背景、PM2.5浓度空间分布演变及其与地面风场的关系、PM2.5组分特征等多个方面进行全面的分析,较为完整地还原了该次重污染案例的形成原因以及主要影响因素。主要结论包括:该次重污染过程是稳定气象条件下导致的局地污染物积累,再叠加华北区域性污染的影响共同造成,其中10、12日北京地区PM2.5浓度的快速增长反映了周边污染传输的显著影响;逆温不但造成污染物难以扩散,且不同的逆温类型对PM2.5浓度水平有显著影响,同时还发现逆温的破坏导致近地面高浓度污染物向上扩散,造成百花山出现峰值高污染浓度现象;NO2与PM2.5浓度水平的高相关性反映交通污染二次转化对PM2.5浓度水平的影响,在较高湿度条件下,SO2浓度水平对湿度敏感且表现为负相关性;该次污染过程中OM、SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4等组分在PM2.5质量浓度中的占比超过70%,说明燃煤、机动车等仍是北京地区最主要的污染来源,同时SO2-4占比最高也说明区域污染传输对该次重污染的显著贡献。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测水中不同形态砷

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离水中两种常见的砷形态As(III)、As(V),电感耦合等离子体质谱系统进行检测鉴定,利用C8色谱柱,探讨了甲醇含量、磷酸二氢钾浓度、四丁基氢氧化铵浓度、p H等测试条件,由此建立了水中砷形态的分析方法。结果表明,以1.5 mmol/L磷酸二氢钾、2 mmol/L四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAOH)、5%甲醇作为流动相,调节流动相为p H 5.5,流速为1.4 m L/min,上述两种不同形态的砷可在5.5 min内得以有效分离,As(III)、As(V)检出限分别为0.001、0.01μg/L,定量下限分别为0.005、0.03μg/L。该方法实现了对水中常见的不同形态砷(As(III)、As(V))的同时分析,具有灵敏度高、选择性好、检测速度快的特点,在水质分析领域具有重要意义与应用价值。     

Multi-Criteria and Multi-Perspective Analysis of Contaminated Land Management Methods

Errors in environmental resource management over the years have created pollution problems in some areas which are difficult to handle, regardless of the development of knowledge and technologies. This is particularly true in the case of soil pollution. The negative effects of persistent pollutants have been observed for a long time. For instance, lead and cadmium remain in the soil for centuries, during which time they are absorbed by plants and simultaneously cause secondary air pollution. The authors made an attempt to describe and assess the possible options of dealing with the problem of contaminated land in Katowice District. Considering the necessity of a multilateral approach, a pairwise comparison technique has been chosen as the most suitable to show the complexity of the problem. The different variants of actions aimed at preventing the pollutants from getting into the food chain were analyzed against a set of criteria, consisting of the following issues: time, cost, effectiveness, social acceptance, feasibility. The relative importance of actions were judged by the team of experts using the Saaty method. Also, a two-perspective assessment (the two different stakeholders), which involves considering the perspective of an owner of a piece of contaminated land and an ecologist has been performed. The results of comparative, multicriteria and multi-perspective assessment indicate the following:- the best method for contaminated agricultural land management is willful and controlled cultivation,- other recommended actions are deep ploughing and phytoremediation,- there is not much acceptance for the other methods.     

Application of fuzzy sets and cognitive maps to incorporate social science scenarios in integrated assessment modelsA case study of urbanization in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia

Decision–support systems in the field of integrated water management could benefit considerably from social science knowledge, as many environmental changes are human-induced. Unfortunately the adequate incorporation of qualitative social science concepts in a quantitative modeling framework is not straightforward. The applicability of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy cognitive maps for the integration of qualitative scenarios in a decision–support system was examined for the urbanization of the coastal city of Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. The results indicate that both techniques are useful tools for the design of integrated models based on a combination of concepts from the natural and social sciences. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

炸药废水中TNR含量直接光度法测定的研究

以三硝基间苯二酚 ( TNR)溶于水后 ,溶液呈现出明显的亮黄色 ,据此直接用光度法对炸药废水中 TNR的含量进行了测定 ,并论证了光度法的测试条件。同时以消解测氮法进行印证 ,结果表明方法具有可行性     

精密度--偏性分析质控试验数据处理系统

结合环境监测实验实质量控制数据处理的实际要求,用计算机高级语言,设计开发成功了《精密度－偏性分析质控试验数据处理系统》,该系统具有数据输入,查询,修改,统计分析和打印报告等功能,在实际应用中,取得良好效果。     

地下饮用水中痕量NO2-的催化动力学法测定

报道了一种新的测定NO2-的高选择性和高灵敏度的催化光度分析法.基于H3PO4介质中,碘绿与溴酸钾的氧化还原反应受亚硝酸盐的催化使碘绿褪色.据此建立了测定NO2-的新方法.本方法检出限为0.29μg/L,该方法用于地下饮用水、环境标样的测定,相对标准偏差为1.05%～4.80%,加标回收率为95%～117%.