Understanding conservationists’ perspectives on the new‐conservation debate

A vibrant debate about the future direction of biodiversity conservation centers on the merits of the so‐called new conservation. Proponents of the new conservation advocate a series of positions on key conservation ideas, such as the importance of human‐dominated landscapes and conservation's engagement with capitalism. These have been fiercely contested in a debate dominated by a few high‐profile individuals, and so far there has been no empirical exploration of existing perspectives on these issues among a wider community of conservationists. We used Q methodology to examine empirically perspectives on the new conservation held by attendees at the 2015 International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB). Although we identified a consensus on several key issues, 3 distinct positions emerged: in favor of conservation to benefit people but opposed to links with capitalism and corporations, in favor of biocentric approaches but with less emphasis on wilderness protection than prominent opponents of new conservation, and in favor of the published new conservation perspective but with less emphasis on increasing human well‐being as a goal of conservation. Our results revealed differences between the debate on the new conservation in the literature and views held within a wider, but still limited, conservation community and demonstrated the existence of at least one viewpoint (in favor of conservation to benefit people but opposed to links with capitalism and corporations) that is almost absent from the published debate. We hope the fuller understanding we present of the variety of views that exist but have not yet been heard, will improve the quality and tone of debates on the subject.     

Research on Methods for Building Volcano Disaster Information System--taking Changbai Mountain as an example

1IntroductionAs a many-volcano-distributed country,China is covered with many volcanoes and lava rocks.A-mong the one-thousand-or-so volcanoes,Changbai Mountain Volcano,Wudalianchi Volcano,Tengchong Volcano and Ashikule Volcano of West Kunlun are the mostlatentcatastrophic erup-tive active volcanoes.In recent years,the activity of the earth' s crust in some volcanic areas isobviously becoming increasing violent.Butfew scholars have monitored and evaluated volcano inChina.So building VDI…     

地下水循环井技术处理土壤和地下水中甲基叔丁基醚研究

研究了MTBE在砂土中的静态吸附以及采用地下水循环井技术(GCW)去除砂土和地下水中MTBE的衰减规律。结果表明:MTBE在砂土中的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,相关系数R2为0.99618,在砂土中的吸附平衡时间为24 h;吸附热力学符合Linear平衡吸附,吸附系数为0.00306 m3/kg。GCW运行30 h后,地下水饱和含水层中MTBE浓度由500 mg/L降至72.5 mg/L,去除率为85.5%;砂土中MTBE的吸附量由0.93 mg/g降至0.03 mg/g,去除率达96.4%。水平方向距GCW越近,MTBE的去除效率越快,垂直方向位于GCW上部的MTBE优先会被去除,最佳修复时间为运行15 h。GCW对砂土和地下水中高浓度MTBE具有良好的修复效果。     

易斜地层钻孔倾斜规律研究

随着资源勘探开发的进一步深入,钻井工程中井斜给工程带来了一系列危害,井斜规律和防斜降斜技术的研究也越来越引起人们的重视。本文全面分析了影响易斜地层钻孔倾斜的地层因素,主要包括地层倾角、各向异性地层、岩性交替变化地层、断层,并结合湖北某米黄玉矿的勘探实例,分析和验证了易斜地层钻进中客观存在的"车轮效应",即钻头在不均质匀层状地层中钻进时,由于钻头两侧岩石的岩性和抗压强度不同,导致钻头沿地层走向方向偏移,使得钻井轨迹的方位角产生变化。该研究对类似条件的钻井勘察有一定的借鉴意义。     

王坡井田煤层气井采出水处理方法研究

针对王坡井田煤层气井采出水中污染物含量低,仅CODcr超出国家一级排放标准(GB 8978-1996)的特点,采用活性炭吸附处理,然后通过絮凝沉降迅速回收采出水中悬浮活性炭。结果表明:活性炭投加量为3g/L、吸附时间为40 min,PAM投加量为2 mg/L,沉降时间为5 min,活性炭回收率为98.35%,处理后采出水CODcr为45.45 mg/L、SS为7 mg/L,达到国家一级排放标准(GB 8978-1996)。     

中国南海高温高压井钻完井损失工时事件统计分析

为研究我国南海高温高压井钻完井、测试损失工时事件规律,对2009—2018年中国南海高温高压探井钻井日志进行分析,汇总501起海上高温高压井钻完井损失工时事件,并将其划分为复杂情况及事故停工、自然停工、修理停工3大类进行研究。结果表明:复杂情况及事故停工事件数与年份无明显关联,但与地质资料准确度关系密切,修理停工事件数随年份呈现震荡下降趋势;复杂情况及事故停工总损失工时最多,其中卡钻损失工时占比最高;修理停工总损失工时最少,其中钻井设备故障损失工时占比最高;灾难天气、洋流或地质活动是造成损失工时最多的原因,不安全行为是单起事件平均损失工时最多的原因,设备老化是修理停工最主要原因。研究结果可为后续高温高压井钻完井非生产时间成本估计模型提供数据基础。     

基于状态监测的井喷风险动态安全评价

井喷是钻井作业引发的最严重事故之一.通过分析钻井作业过程各个环节,确定钻井过程的风险因素和指标因素,实时监测钻井作业各参数变化,利用模糊综合层次评价法计算出钻井过程井喷风险概率,实现井喷事故动态风险评价.给出了模糊综合评价法的具体步骤,基于该方法还开发了井喷动态安全评价软件,为钻井过程中钻井液参数和钻井工程参数的优选、调整提供理论依据,同时也为钻井过程的安全生产和管理提供了参考依据.     

A new tracer technique for monitoring groundwater fluxes: the Finite Volume Point Dilution Method

Quantification of pollutant mass fluxes is essential for assessing the impact of contaminated sites on their surrounding environment, particularly on adjacent surface water bodies. In this context, it is essential to quantify but also to be able to monitor the variations with time of Darcy fluxes in relation with changes in hydrogeological conditions and groundwater - surface water interactions. A new tracer technique is proposed that generalizes the single-well point dilution method to the case of finite volumes of tracer fluid and water flush. It is called the Finite Volume Point Dilution Method (FVPDM). It is based on an analytical solution derived from a mathematical model proposed recently to accurately model tracer injection into a well. Using a non-dimensional formulation of the analytical solution, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the concentration evolution in the injection well, according to tracer injection conditions and well-aquifer interactions. Based on this analysis, optimised field techniques and interpretation methods are proposed. The new tracer technique is easier to implement in the field than the classical point dilution method while it further allows monitoring temporal changes of the magnitude of estimated Darcy fluxes, which is not the case for the former technique. The new technique was applied to two experimental sites with contrasting objectives, geological and hydrogeological conditions, and field equipment facilities. In both cases, field tracer concentrations monitored in the injection wells were used to fit the calculated modelled concentrations by adjusting the apparent Darcy flux crossing the well screens. Modelling results are very satisfactory and indicate that the methodology is efficient and accurate, with a wide range of potential applications in different environments and experimental conditions, including the monitoring with time of changes in Darcy fluxes.     

同一孕震模式中不同的水位变化形态

基于应力场与含水层井水位的关系 ,以DD模式为例 ,用数值模拟的方法讨论了同一孕震模式下不同地点的井水位变化。研究表明 ,同一孕震模式下水位存在不同的前兆现象 ,这些前兆现象水位变化形态与观测井相对于孕震区的不同位置有密切关系。本文同时给出了DD模式下不同地点的水位前兆变化特征     

CMT监测井在黑河流域地下水监测中的应用

以CMT监测井在黑河流域的应用为基础,通过对监测数据和采集的水样进行分析,了解了黑河流域地下水水位动态变化,掌握了黑河流域地下水水化学垂向分布规律,为合理利用黑河流域水资源提供了科学依据。