蚯蚓分子标记物在环境监测中的应用研究进展

综述了近年来蚯蚓分子标记的研究进展,特别是在蛋白质标记方面的进展,并结合在环境监测方面进行的研究讨论了蚯蚓分子标记的应用及发展趋势。     

一种新型环境友好污水处理工艺——蚯蚓生态滤池

蚯蚓生态滤池将蚯蚓创造性地引入到污水处理系统中,延长和扩展了微生物代谢链,强化了生态系统富集与扩散、合成与分解、拮抗与协同等多种自然调控作用,实现了污水污泥的同步高效处理。滤池出水可用作绿化争农田灌溉,蚓粪污泥含水率低,减量化稳定化效果显著,较好地解决了剩余污泥的处置问题。蚯蚓生态滤池工艺高效节能,具有鲜明的“生态平衡”和“环境友好”技术特色,符合可持续发展的理念,具有技术经济竞争优势,环境效益比较显著,具有良好的实际应用前景。     

Bioaccumulation of hexachlorobenzene in Eisenia foetida at di erent aging stages

The impacts of contact time on the extractability, the availability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in di erent soils (paddy soil, red soil, and fluvo-aquic soil) and bioaccumulation in earthworm Eisenia foetida were investigated under controlled conditions in laboratory. Results indicated that the aging rate of HCB displaying a biphasic character in di erent soils: a rapid aging in the first 60 d followed by a slow aging in the next 120 d incubation time. Moreover, most of extractable HCB (about 90%) decline occurred in the first 60 d after HCB was spiked into the soils. The aging rate of HCB in the paddy soil was higher than that in the fluvo-aquic soil or the red soil. The amount of HCB accumulated in the earthworms and its accumulative ability, expressed as a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), declined as the aging time increased from 1 to 180 d. Although the extractable HCB decreased with increasing residence time in soil, much of HCB could still be accumulated by earthworms (457.6–984.3 ng/g) through bioaccumulation, which poses a potential risk to soil ecological safety.     

水力负荷对蚯蚓生物滤池污水处理效果的影响

通过分析不同水力负荷下蚯蚓生物滤池进出水水质以及蚯蚓生存状况,研究水力负荷对蚯蚓生物滤池污水处理效果的影响.结果表明,水力负荷由2.0m3/(m2·d)增大到6.0m3/(m2·d)时,蚯蚓生物滤池出水各污染物浓度均缓慢增大,受水力负荷影响较小.当水力负荷增大到6.7m3/(m2·d)时,滤池出水COD、BOD5、SS、NH 4-N、TP浓度明显增大,出水TN浓度则呈下降趋势,蚯蚓出现严重不适现象.随着水力负荷增大,蚯蚓相对摄食能力呈先升高后降低趋势,水力负荷为4.8 m3/(m2·d)时,蚯蚓相对摄食能力最大,有机物去除效果良好.滤池内蚯蚓平均重量、平均密度,单位面积蚯蚓生物量和水力负荷均呈极显著负相关.推荐蚯蚓生物滤池运行水力负荷4.8m3/(m2·d),不宜超过6.7m3/(m2·d).     

22种常用除草剂对蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性

为评价农药对土壤动物的影响,采用滤纸法和人工土壤法测定了22种常用除草剂对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性.滤纸法染毒48 h,特丁净、丙草胺、精异丙甲草胺、乙草胺和莎稗磷对蚯蚓为中等毒性,其LC50值为10.32(8310～12.23)～34.69(29.16～43.99) μg·cm-2;其次为...     

Influence of inoculating earthworms on removal of pyrene in soils growing Festuca arundinacea

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the potential of inoculating earthworms (Pheretima sp.) in order to enhance phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in soils with the use of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). In particular, experiments with or without inoculating earthworms for removal of pyrene was investigated. Results showed that planting of F. arundinacea enhanced the removal of pyrene at initial content over 70 days approximately 54%–80% but only 12%–24% occurred in non-planted soils. After inoculating earthworms, the dissipation rates of pyrene in planted soils were increased up to 61%–86%, which was 6%–12% higher than those in corresponding soils without inoculating earthworms. Among all possible pathways, the contribution of plant--microbial interactions on removal of pyrene was predominant, either with (46%) or without inoculating earthworms (52%), is the primary mechanism of contaminant removal. Data suggest inoculating earthworms may be a feasible way for reinforcing removal of PAH in contaminated sites.     

外加芘在2种水稻土及其团聚体培养中的老化及其可浸提性和生物有效性的变化

老化是指有机污染物进入土壤后,随着时间的增加,其生物有效性、毒性和可浸提性会逐渐下降的现象.采用室内培养法研究了外加多环芳烃芘在2种水稻土乌栅土(潜育型水稻土)和黄泥土(潴育型水稻土)及其不同粒组团聚体中的老化现象,并采用二氯甲烷提取和蚯蚓吸收试验比较了培养老化后外加多环芳烃芘的可浸提性和生物有效性的变化.结果表明,培养90d后芘的浸提率下降了15%~23%,蚯蚓的摄食量也下降了37%~67%,说明外加有机污染物进入水稻土后发生了显著的老化现象,从而降低了其环境移动性和生物有效性.但不同粒径团聚体中老化程度没有差异,不过对蚯蚓的生物有效性存在差异.因此,并不能根据土壤中有机污染物的含量来预测其环境风险和生物有效性.     

甲胺磷、乙草胺和铜单一与复合污染对黑土环境安全的胁迫研究

以黑土为环境介质,通过急性毒性试验法研究了东北黑土区普遍存在的2种农用化学品甲胺磷和乙草胺与重金属Cu对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)的单一与复合毒性效应.单一毒性试验结果表明,3者对蚯蚓均有毒性,顺序为甲胺磷>乙草胺>Cu.复合毒性实验结果表明,2种有机农药与重金属Cu复合毒性效应十分复杂,与不同的浓度组合及染毒历时有关,一般随时间的延长,毒性加剧.2种有机农药通过不同途径毒害蚯蚓,复合毒性效应表现为协同作用.可见,3者对土壤生态系统环境安全性和土壤健康质量存在潜在危害,同时这几种污染物的共存进一步加大了潜在危害性,且复合毒性效应与各组浓度组合及污染暴露时间密切相关.     

Sorption of atrazine and metolachlor by earthworm surface castings and soil

Abstract

Atrazine and metolachlor were more strongly retained on earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.) castings than on soil, suggesting that earthworm castings at the surface or at depth can reduce herbicide movement in soil. Herbicide sorption by castings was related to the food source available to the earthworms. Both atrazine and metolachlor sorption increased with increasing organic carbon (C) content in castings, and Freundlich constants (K_f values) generally decreased in the order: soybean‐fed > corn‐fed > not‐fed‐earthworm‐castings. The amount of atrazine or metolachlor sorbed per unit organic carbon (K_oc values) was significantly greater for corn‐castings compared with other castings, or soil, suggesting that the composition of organic matter in castings is also an important factor in determining the retention of herbicides in soils. Herbicide desorption was dependent on both the initial herbicide concentration, and the type of absorbent. At small equilibrium herbicide concentrations, atrazine desorption was significantly greater from soil than from any of the three casting treatments. At large equilibrium herbicide concentrations, however, the greater organic C content in castings had no significant effect on atrazine desorption, relative to soil. For metolachlor, regardless of the equilibrium herbicide concentration, desorption from soybean‐ and corn‐castings treatments was always less than desorption from soil and not‐fed earthworm castings treatments. The results of this study indicate that, under field conditions, the extent of herbicide retention on earthworm castings will tend to be related to crop and crop residue management practices.     

BP神经网络对蚯蚓滤池处理COD的模拟预测

基于蚯蚓滤池处理去除污染物的非线性特点,利用BP神经网络建立了蚯蚓滤池处理COD的基本模型结构。同时对实验数据进行了验证和预测,通过权值贡献率分析确定了各种输入因素对COD出水浓度的影响。结果表明:COD的出水模型预测值与实际值平均误差较小,模型稳定,预测效果好。输入神经元为4,隐含神经元为8,输出神经元为1,学习速率为0.1,动量为0.1,训练次数为10 000的BP神经网络模型,预测的COD出水值最接近真实值。COD进水浓度对COD出水影响最大,符合理论研究结果。BP神经网络模型建立的成功为后续生活污水智能化控制的研究提供了相应的理论基础。