蚯蚓对重金属污染土壤中铅的富集研究

蚯蚓在陆地生态系统中具有十分重要的功能,利用蚯蚓处理重金属污染土壤是一种新型的绿色生物技术。实验通过测定重金属污染土壤中不同铅浓度梯度下蚯蚓在培养期内对铅富集量的研究,结果表明：蚯蚓对铅有较强的富集作用,且随铅浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内的富集量也增加;单住质量蚯蚓培养期内吸收铅量与铅浓度梯度表现出极显著性差异,说明蚯蚓可以作为检测重金属污染土壤中铅的重要生物指标,论证了在重金属污染土壤动物修复中引入蚯蚓的可行性。     

化学除磷条件下蚯蚓生态滤池污泥性质的试验研究

概述了蚯蚓生态滤池的研究进展,介绍了蚯蚓生态滤池化学除磷的工艺流程和设备参数;由试验得出氯化铁（FeCl3·6H2O）是蚯蚓生态滤池化学除磷的合适药剂,并确定最经济投加量为50mg／L;在此条件下,研究了化学除磷小试滤池产生的污泥性质,包括污泥产率的变化、重金属含量、污泥的脱水性能、污泥的稳定化程度以及污泥的最终处置方法。     

蚯蚓和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤五氯酚的影响

利用土壤五氯酚（PCP）污染模拟实验,研究两种不同生态型蚯蚓（赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida和壮尾环毛蚓Amynthas robustus E.Perrie）和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤PCP的影响。在42 d培养期内,测试了不同处理下PCP质量分数、漆酶活性,以及土壤呼吸和微生物碳氮等微生物指标。结果表明：堆肥固定化漆酶降解土壤PCP的效果优于壳聚糖固定化漆酶和自由漆酶,主要原因是堆肥固定化漆酶能够有效地提高漆酶稳定性,减缓其活性下降速度。此外,堆肥还能提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,显著提升土壤漆酶的活性。添加两种生态型蚯蚓对漆酶活性影响不显著,但均可以显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,加速土壤中PCP的降解。壮尾环毛蚓对土壤微生物数量与活性的提升效果优于赤子爱胜蚓。     

NGO与地方政府合作参与灾后重建的综合集成模式——以汶川大地震为例

对汶川大地震国外非政府组织NGO的援建工作进行了深入调研;针对国外NGO—国内NGO—当地政府综合集成模式进行了分析。统筹优选三者之间的关系,综合外部、集成内部、统筹环境、优选效益最大化模式,构建了国外NGO与当地政府综合集成模式框架。通过互反馈结构说明灾后重建工程是开放的复杂的巨系统网络结构;并提出运行模式与实践框架;运用统筹优选的方法,分析了国外NGO、国内NGO、当地政府的关系及统筹优选图。     

铜、毒死蜱单一与复合暴露对蚯蚓的毒性作用

土壤环境中重金属-农药复合污染已经对土壤生态和人类生存环境构成严重威胁.其中重金属铜和有机磷农药毒死蜱作为土壤环境中两类常见的污染物,其复合污染的环境效应值得关注.本文采用OECD标准滤纸接触法、人工土壤法研究了铜-毒死蜱单一及复合暴露对蚯蚓急性致死作用及回避行为的影响.结果表明,滤纸法和人工土壤法Cu对蚯蚓急性毒性的48h-LC50和14 d-LC50分别为2.23μg·cm-2和496.05 mg·kg-1;而毒死蜱对蚯蚓急性毒性的48 h-LC50和14 d-LC50分别为5.94μg·cm-2和186.07 mg·kg-1.滤纸法和人工土壤法铜、毒死蜱浓度单位配比1∶1时,铜、毒死蜱对蚯蚓急性毒性联合作用类型均近似表现为相加作用,而毒性单位配比1∶1的滤纸法和人工土壤法试验结果分别为协同作用和拮抗作用.回避行为试验结果表明,铜、毒死蜱对蚯蚓回避行为的联合作用类型为拮抗作用.     

In vitro genotoxicity of fly ash leachate in earthworm coelomocytes

Fly ash is the major coal combustion byproduct from thermal power plants. Considering its plant–nourishing constituents, its soil amendment in farmland is one of its promoted disposal methods. A substantial amount of heavy metals present in fly ash, which may leach out due to rainwater or irrigation water, may cause serious problem with long term use, especially to soil organisms. These metals may cause DNA damage through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. In the present study, single cell gel electrophoresis [(SCGE) i.e., comet assay] was used to detect DNA damage in earthworm (Dichogaster curgensis) coelomocytes, following an in vitro exposure. Significant DNA damage was observed at the lowest concentration of fly ash leachate (6.25%) examined. DNA damage by all the tested concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) differed significantly (p?<?0.001) from that of the negative control. Hence, long-term application of fly ash might prove harmful for earthworm populations.     

蚯蚓对垃圾与底泥中镉的富集现象

通过蚯蚓处理垃圾及纳污河流底泥实验研究发现蚯蚓可选择吸收并富集垃圾及底泥中的镉，但对其他重金属元素铅、铜、锌等并无此种富集吸收现象。     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

野化培训大熊猫在特定时期采食半枯竹的原因分析

对首次发现的一只野化培训大熊猫“祥祥”采食半枯竹的现象及原因进行研究.作者用4只圈养大熊猫为对照进行试验,从行为观察、营养成分及适口因子、环境气候条件等方面进行了研究.研究发现,圈养大熊猫中也存在采食半枯竹的现象,而且在采食的时间段上和祥祥一致;相对于新鲜竹子,半枯竹中葡萄糖含量有所增加,单宁含量明显降低,并且具有特殊的香甜味,使在一定时期内的半枯竹营养增加,适口性得到改善,这是大熊猫在特定时期更愿意采食半枯竹而不采食新鲜竹子的重要原因;7~9月是全年温湿度最高月份,对引起半枯竹成分中适口因子的改变可能有诱发作用.图3表4参9     

佛坪三官庙地区大熊猫种群数量的DNA指纹分析

应用同位素标记大熊猫基因指纹探针Ｆ２ＺＧＰ９６０６０８０１，以秦岭南坡中段佛坪国家级大熊猫自然保护区三官庙范围内采集的大熊猫粪便样品作材料，进行了ＤＮＡ指纹检测．（１）在相同或不同时间、领域采得的粪便样品，显现出相同或不同的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱，达到个体认定的目的，进一步表明了大熊猫的尽量新鲜的粪便，可以作为ＤＮＡ指纹分析材料，进行野生种群数量调查．（２）根据检测２１个粪便样品的结果，无误地认定了三官庙地区有１３只大熊猫个体．其中有３个家系．（３）大熊猫粪便样品的ＤＮＡ指纹图，通过微机识别的个体数，准确可靠，能获得大熊猫在野外的真实个体数量．