蚯蚓、秸秆和柠檬酸对少花龙葵与翅果菊修复锌铅镉污染土壤的影响

外源物质调控和间作是提高重金属污染土壤植物修复效率的有效方法.采用盆栽试验研究蚯蚓、秸秆和柠檬酸对少花龙葵和翅果菊单作与间作修复Zn、 Pb和Cd复合污染土壤的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓对Zn、 Pb和Cd的富集系数(BCF)分别为0.07～0.13、0.10～0.26和5.64～15.52.土壤中添加秸秆能使蚯蚓生物量增加22.29%～223.87%、重金属含量下降8.15%～62.58%.蚯蚓对土壤重金属有效态含量的影响不大,但秸秆和柠檬酸对土壤重金属有效态含量分别表现为钝化和活化作用.蚯蚓对翅果菊的重金属含量影响不大,但会降低少花龙葵的重金属含量;秸秆对翅果菊重金属含量表现为抑制效应,但对少花龙葵Cd含量表现为促进效应;柠檬酸对少花龙葵重金属含量影响不大,但是会显著提高翅果菊的Pb含量.间作显著降低土壤重金属有效态含量,明显提高植物根的重金属含量,但对植物地上部重金属含量影响不大.植物对Zn、 Pb和Cd的总提取量主要表现为：翅果菊>间作>少花龙葵.添加蚯蚓可以使翅果菊Zn、 Pb和Cd总提取量分别提高12.49%、35.89%和29.01%;添加秸秆+蚯蚓可以使翅果菊Pb...     

蚯蚓辅助微生物修复芘污染土壤

通过微宇宙实验,研究了蚯蚓对不同土壤中芘的微生物降解率的影响及蚯蚓对芘的富集率.结果表明,有机质较高土壤中芘的微生物降解率和蚯蚓富集率都低于有机质低的土壤,而老化作用降低了芘的生物有效性.无论在新鲜染毒还是老化的土壤中.蚯蚓均可提高土壤中芘的去除率和微生物降解率.在新鲜染毒的红壤和潮土中,蚯蚓可使芘的去除率由41.78%和27.02%分别提高到89.24%和57.53%,其中分别有51.48%和41.63%是蚯蚓促进的微生物降解作用引起的,37.76%和15.90%归因于蚯蚓富集作用.而在老化的红壤和潮土中,蚯蚓可使芘的去除率由36.53%和20.50%分别提高到91.93%和45.46%,其中分别有54.43%和32.83%是蚯蚓促进的微生物降解作用引起的,37.50%和12.63%归因于蚯蚓富集作用.     

兽药阿苯达唑对蚯蚓精子发生的显微和超显微结构的影响

选择不影响蚯蚓生长的染毒剂量(100mg·kg-1)和半数致死剂量(600mg·kg-1),检测兽药阿苯达唑对蚯蚓精子发生的显微和超显微结构的影响.结果表明,光镜下观察贮精囊时,100mg·kg-1的阿苯达唑对精细胞和精子发育没有影响,而600mg·kg-1时,精细胞发育明显受阻,且未见成熟的精子.电镜下观察贮精囊时,100mg·kg-1的阿苯达唑损伤了精子发生的超微结构,表现为初期精细胞核萎缩变形,微管排列紊乱,精细胞膜扩张;发育后期精子细胞的线粒体嵴和基质消失;成熟精子的糖原颗粒异常分布于核周围,鞭毛的电子密度和糖原颗粒增加.而阿苯达唑剂量为600mg·kg-1时,精细胞严重损伤,核膜消失,甚至染色质消失.可见,精子发生的超微结构变化可以为早期土壤污染预警提供理论基础.     

水力负荷对生物滤池中蚯蚓抗氧化酶和消化酶活性的影响

通过工况试验考察了不同水力负荷条件对生物滤池中蚯蚓的抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶）和消化酶（纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶）活性的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓体内抗氧化酶和消化酶活性对水力负荷胁迫的响应不同.在2.4～6.7 m³·(m²·d)^-1的水力负荷条件下,蚯蚓体内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随水力负荷的增大而增强,蚯蚓通过自身抗氧化系统的协调作用来抵御外界环境胁迫,在各工况条件下均能生存.蚯蚓体内消化酶活性和其消化能力、滤池污泥减量和稳定化效果具有很好的相关性(p<0.05).水力负荷为4.8 m³·(m²·d)^-1时,蚯蚓具有较高的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和纤维素酶(FP)活性,消化率（41.47%）显著高于其他工况,污泥减量率、污泥有机质分解率均达到最高值,分别为48.2%、 65.5%.高水力负荷［≥6.0 m³·(m²·d)^-1］对蚯蚓体内AKP、FP活性抑制较显著,污泥的代谢水平受到影响,污泥减量率和有机质分解率均有一定程度下降,不利于蚯蚓生态功效的发挥.综合蚯蚓抗氧化酶及消化酶的响应结果,蚯蚓生物滤池运行水力负荷不宜超过6.0 m³·(m²·d)^-1.     

China's endemic vertebrates sheltering under the protective umbrella of the giant panda

The giant panda attracts disproportionate conservation resources. How well does this emphasis protect other endemic species? Detailed data on geographical ranges are not available for plants or invertebrates, so we restrict our analyses to 3 vertebrate taxa: birds, mammals, and amphibians. There are gaps in their protection, and we recommend practical actions to fill them. We identified patterns of species richness, then identified which species are endemic to China, and then which, like the panda, live in forests. After refining each species' range by its known elevational range and remaining forest habitats as determined from remote sensing, we identified the top 5% richest areas as the centers of endemism. Southern mountains, especially the eastern Hengduan Mountains, were centers for all 3 taxa. Over 96% of the panda habitat overlapped the endemic centers. Thus, investing in almost any panda habitat will benefit many other endemics. Existing panda national nature reserves cover all but one of the endemic species that overlap with the panda's distribution. Of particular interest are 14 mammal, 20 bird, and 82 amphibian species that are inadequately protected. Most of these species the International Union for Conservation of Nature currently deems threatened. But 7 mammal, 3 bird, and 20 amphibian species are currently nonthreatened, yet their geographical ranges are <20,000 km² after accounting for elevational restriction and remaining habitats. These species concentrate mainly in Sichuan, Yunnan, Nan Mountains, and Hainan. There is a high concentration in the east Daxiang and Xiaoxiang Mountains of Sichuan, where pandas are absent and where there are no national nature reserves. The others concentrate in Yunnan, Nan Mountains, and Hainan. Here, 10 prefectures might establish new protected areas or upgrade local nature reserves to national status.     

Biokinetic modeling of heavy metals in earthworms

Studies concerning bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of heavy metals like zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) in earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae tissues including integument, gizzard, clitellum, and head region were undertaken. Calculated BCF, predicted K _ow, and predicted K _oc showed a significant correlation between heavy metals in different earthworm tissues, in substrate spiked with heavy metals. The regression coefficient (r ²) between heavy metal uptake concentration and exposure time varied between 0.73 and 0.99, indicating significant correlation. The K _oc was a maximum of 13.9016 in case of Cu and integument at an exposure time of 100 days and a minimum of 0.1114 in case of Cr with respect to head at the same exposure time. Earthworms accumulated heavy metals following chronic exposure to municipal solid waste containing heavy metals. BCF and uptake rate kinetics of heavy metals were calculated and showed increased values in head tissue followed by integument.     

Responses of the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to sublethal aluminium levels in an artificial soil substrate

Industrial discharges of Al are increasingly common. In this study, the activities of three antioxidases, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and changes in coelomocytes were investigated in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to different concentrations of aluminium chloride (range 0–200 mg Al kg^?1 dry soil) in artificial soils for 32 days. Within the first 16 days of Al exposure, catalase activity was elevated in most treatments, while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were inhibited in all treatments. After 16 days exposure, SOD and GSH-Px activities returned to normal at lower Al concentrations, but were still inhibited at higher concentrations, hence the inhibition of SOD and GSH-Px showed some exposure-level dependence during the late exposure phase. MDA content was significantly elevated from 16 days after initial exposure. Neutral Red retention time of coelomocytes decreased at the highest exposure concentrations after 32 days, and an increased proportion of cells showing membrane damage was also observed at this time using flow cytometry. We conclude that excessive Al in soils can cause oxidative stress and cell damage in earthworms. Hence, Al accumulation in the environment may present an ecological hazard through suppression of the important functions of earthworms in soil ecosystems.     

PBS共聚物对蚯蚓的蛋白质含量和纤维素酶活性的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓Eisennia foetida为研究对象,在滤纸接触法的基础上,采用自然土壤法进行急性毒性试验,研究了不同相对分子质量的PBS-co-PCL共聚物对蚯蚓蛋白质含量和纤维素酶活性的毒性效应。研究结果表明：随着暴露时间的增长,蚯蚓蛋白质含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势;第7天时,数均相对分子质量（Mn）为8.0×103的聚合物对蛋白质的影响较明显;第14天时,相对分子质量（Mn）为1.6×104和2.8×104的聚合物对蛋白质的影响较明显。聚合物相对分子质量（Mn）为8.0×103处理组中,纤维素酶活性受到的抑制作用较明显,聚合物含量为2.5%时,抑制作用达到最大。但是随着暴露时间的增长,这种抑制作用逐渐减小,即影响是暂时性的,纤维素酶活性变化比蛋白质含量变化更敏感。以上结果表明蚯蚓在实验过程中没有出现致病或致死现象,即聚合物对蚯蚓的影响较小。     

不同生态床对剩余污泥脱水和稳定化的影响

对比分析传统干化床、芦苇生态床及芦苇-蚯蚓复合生态床3种处理方式对城镇污水处理厂剩余污泥的处理效果. 结果表明:传统干化床处理简单易行、成本低,但脱水效率低,处理15 d后污泥含水率仍在79.8%左右. 芦苇生态床较传统干化床具有明显优势,其处置后污泥含水率可降至67.8%,但其对有机质、TN、TP的去除效果不明显. 芦苇-蚯蚓复合生态床对污泥脱水效果最佳:①污泥含水率由原来的95.1%降至44.4%,体积明显减少,达到了污泥减量化的目标;②扫描电镜试验显示,处理后污泥具有孔隙及片状结构,有利于水分散失;③污泥中w(有机质)、w(TN)、w(TP)分别降低了14.5%、20.3%和13.2%左右. 热重分析发现,污泥中不稳定化合物含量有所降低. 经芦苇-蚯蚓复合生态床处理后,Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr残渣态所占比例分别由原污泥的3.2%、23.7%、15.2%、55.8%增至73.3%、43.1%、78.3%和78.6%,大幅降低了重金属的迁移风险,并且污泥红外图谱显示─COOH和酰胺明显增多,有利于重金属的稳定. 综上,复合生态床可有效实现污泥减量,并且降低了二次污染的风险.      

基于生境适宜度的成都震后大熊猫生境评价

通过分析大熊猫生境适宜度指标,评价“5\512汶川大地震”对成都地震灾区大熊猫生境的影响并提出恢复措施. 结合大熊猫生境的物理环境、生物环境和压力三方面因素建立评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定评价指标权重,并利用GIS空间叠加分析对大熊猫生境适宜度进行综合评价,将结果分为最适宜、适宜、较不适宜和不适宜4种类型. 对比地震前后大熊猫生境适宜度变化显示:震后大熊猫生境的景观破碎化程度明显增加,生态廊道受到不同程度的破坏,大熊猫适宜生境面积减少,其中,彭州市龙门山镇变化最大,适宜生境减少2 729.5 hm2;其次为都江堰市虹口乡、龙池镇与彭州市小鱼洞镇,其适宜生境分别减少1 760.4,303.5和241.1 hm2. 针对研究结果,提出恢复重建的优先次序以及需要生态修复的重点区域,给出优先采取工程和生物措施,并辅助以自然恢复的修复手段.