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211.
Tradeoffs between courtship, fighting, and antipredatory behavior by a lizard, Eumeces laticeps 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
W. E. Cooper Jr. 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,47(1-2):54-59
Male fitness in many species depends strongly on social behaviors needed to obtain fertilizations and prevent loss of fertilizations
to other males, but courtship, copulation, and fighting may incur increased risk of predation. When demands for reproductive
and antipredatory behaviors conflict, fitness may be maximized by accepting some degree of risk to enhance reproductive success.
To examine such tradeoffs, I introduced tethered conspecific males or females to adult male broad-headed skinks, Eumeces laticeps, in the field and observed how close they allowed a simulated predator (me) to approach before fleeing, or their latency
to approach an introduced female located at different distances from the predator. When conspecific males were introduced,
isolated and mate-guarding males initiated agonistic behaviors and permitted closer approach than control males, and mate-guarding
males permitted closer approach than isolated males. When females were introduced, both isolated and mate-guarding males courted
the introduced females and isolated males permitted closer approach than did mate-guarding males. These results for introduced
males and females suggest that increasing risk was accepted when reproductive benefits were greater. Latency for isolated
males to approach a conspecific female was greater when the predator was closer to the female, further suggesting sensitivity
to predation risk during a reproductive opportunity. Relationships between reproductive and antipredatory behaviors have been
studied much less than those between feeding and antipredatory behaviors, but this study indicates that animals balance increased
risk of predation with the opportunity to perform several reproductively important behaviors.
Received: 5 March 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 July 1999 / Accepted: 25 July 1999 相似文献
212.
本文详细综述了甲草胺和丁草胺的物理化学性质,总结了它们在土壤和水中的迁移,吸附和微生物降解转化,对动植物的毒性和作用机制,酰胺类除草剂在分析检测方面的进展以及在污染的防治与修复方面的一些措施 相似文献
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Wildlife conservation and management (WCM) practices have been historically drawn from a wide variety of academic fields, yet practitioners have been slow to engage with emerging conversations about animals as complex beings, whose individuality and sociality influence their relationships with humans. We propose an explicit acknowledgement of wild, nonhuman animals as active participants in WCM. We examined 190 studies of WCM interventions and outcomes to highlight 3 common assumptions that underpin many present approaches to WCM: animal behaviors are rigid and homogeneous; wildlife exhibit idealized wild behavior and prefer pristine habitats; and human–wildlife relationships are of marginal or secondary importance relative to nonhuman interactions. We found that these management interventions insufficiently considered animal learning, decision-making, individuality, sociality, and relationships with humans and led to unanticipated detrimental outcomes. To address these shortcomings, we synthesized theoretical advances in animal behavioral sciences, animal geographies, and animal legal theory that may help conservation professionals reconceptualize animals and their relationships with humans. Based on advances in these fields, we constructed the concept of animal agency, which we define as the ability of animals to actively influence conservation and management outcomes through their adaptive, context-specific, and complex behaviors that are predicated on their sentience, individuality, lived experiences, cognition, sociality, and cultures in ways that shape and reshape shared human–wildlife cultures, spaces, and histories. Conservation practices, such as compassionate conservation, convivial conservation, and ecological justice, incorporate facets of animal agency. Animal agency can be incorporated in conservation problem-solving by assessing the ways in which agency contributes to species’ survival and by encouraging more adaptive and collaborative decision-making among human and nonhuman stakeholders. 相似文献
216.
Jared D. Margulies Francesca R. Moorman Bárbara Goettsch Jan C. Axmacher Amy Hinsley 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14030
Although illegal wildlife trade (IWT) represents a serious threat to biodiversity, research into the prevalence of illegal plant collection and trade remains scarce. Because cacti and succulents are heavily threatened by overcollection for often illegal, international ornamental trade, we surveyed 441 members of the cacti and succulent hobbyist collector community with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. We sought to understand collector perspectives on the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and on the threats IWT poses to cactus and succulent conservation. Most respondents (74% of 401 respondents) stated that illegal collection in cacti and succulents represents a “very serious problem” and that the problem of wild plant collection is increasing (72% of 319 respondents). Most forms of illegal collection and trade were seen as very unacceptable by respondents. Self-reported noncompliance with CITES rules was uncommon (11.2% of 418 respondents); it remains a persistent problem in parts of the cacti and succulent hobbyist community. People engaging in rule breaking, such as transporting plants without required CITES documents, generally did so knowingly. Although 60.6% of 381 respondents regarded CITES as a very important tool for conservation, sentiment toward CITES and its efficacy in helping species conservation was mixed. Collectors in our survey saw themselves as potentially playing important roles in cactus and succulent conservation, but this potential resource remains largely untapped. Our results suggest the need for enhanced consultation with stakeholders in CITES decision-making. For challenging subjects like IWT, developing evidence-based responses demands deep interdisciplinary engagement, including assessing the conservation impact of species listings on CITES appendices. 相似文献
217.
Although animal personality research may have applied uses, this suggestion has yet to be evaluated by assessing empirical studies examining animal personality and conservation. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature relating to conservation science and animal personality. Criteria for inclusion in our review included access to full text, primary research articles, and relevant animal conservation or personality focus (i.e., not human personality studies). Ninety-two articles met these criteria. We summarized the conservation contexts, testing procedures (including species and sample size), analytical approach, claimed personality traits (activity, aggression, boldness, exploration, and sociability), and each report's key findings and conservation-focused suggestions. Although providing evidence for repeatability in behavior is crucial for personality studies, repeatability quantification was implemented in only half of the reports. Nonetheless, each of the 5 personality traits were investigated to some extent in a range of conservations contexts. The most robust studies in the field showed variance in how personality relates to other ecologically important variables across species and contexts. Moreover, many studies were first attempts at using personality for conservation purposes in a given study system. Overall, it appears personality is not yet a fully realized tool for conservation. To apply personality research to conservation problems, we suggest researchers think about where individual differences in behavior may affect conservation outcomes in their system, assess where there are opportunities for repeated measures, and follow the most current methodological guides on quantifying personality. 相似文献
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为深入分析智慧矿山矿工安全行为,从工作场所正念视角出发,构建智慧矿山背景下政府监管部门、安全管理人员、矿工3方演化博弈模型,分析各博弈主体策略选择的稳定性.结果表明:工作场所正念对矿工安全行为有积极影响,矿工工作场所正念的形成对组织有正向反馈支持作用;智慧矿山背景下,政府监管部门强监管能够有效规范煤矿企业管理行为,并引... 相似文献
220.
为明确螺旋匝道(螺旋桥)驾驶操纵行为及车辆状态特征,选取2条桥头立交螺旋匝道和2座螺旋桥,开展小客车实车路试,通过连续采集行驶速度、加速度、踏板力等驾驶数据,分析螺旋匝道(桥)及前后衔接段的纵向驾驶行为特性.结果表明:行驶速度在螺旋匝道范围内基本恒定,并明显高于设计速度,螺旋匝道段的速度分布比主线段更集中,螺旋匝道对驾... 相似文献