风险社会下的政府环境责任刍议

随着人类逐步迈入风险社会,生态环境事故产生的诱因更多地集中于科学技术,且对相关事故进行责任认定难度巨大.政府在处理相关问题时可能面对经济发展和环境保护相冲突以及决策的知识性匮乏等问题,这就要求在新社会背景下从积极和消极两方面对政府的环境责任进行有效的重构.     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

2012—2016年中央财政生态环境保护支出分析

本文基于财政"节能环保"支出科目,整合散落在其他科目里的生态环境保护支出,分析中央财政（含本级投入与专项转移支付）近五年（2012—2016年）的生态环境保护支出现状,发现：中央用于生态建设和保护方面的支出最多,五年支出均值为933.1亿元;其次是环境污染治理支出,五年支出平均值为773.4亿元。同时,基于现状分析及工作实践发现中央财政生态环境保护支出存在规模偏小、比重偏低、增长的稳定性不足等问题,中央财政需进一步优化支出方向和结构,加强绩效评价和结果应用。     

生态功能区建设中政府行为的价值取向和评判标准

生态功能区建设中的政府行为,不仅涉及发展困境与生态环境保护间矛盾的协调问题,更涉及维护经济社会和资源的可持续发展等问题。因此,生态功能区建设中政府行为需要确立以发展生态经济为核心、以强化生态服务为根本、以塑造生态文化为基础、以构建生态制度为保障和以维护生态安全为目标的价值取向,并从合法性、合理性、效益性和发展性等四个方面的标准,对政府行为的优劣进行全方位、多层次、全面而系统的评判。     

政府规制视角下我国环境信访成因解析

我国的环境规制在规制背景上先天不足,在规制手段上后天失调,在规制结构上倾斜失衡,在规制目标上好高骛远,以致在效果上低效、失效与无效,造成了环境信访问题的困局。针对当下环境信访的现状和问题,运用政府规制理论这个强有力的解释框架和分析工具探讨其成因较有说服力,也更令人信服。     

低碳广州：主体角色定位与制度展望

大力发展低碳经济,建设生态城市,是广州作为国家中心城市、珠三角经济区核心城市的新方向、新目标。低碳经济对法制化的内生需求决定了探究相关社会主体在低碳经济中的角色定位对于未来地方低碳经济法制构建的重要意义。以低碳经济中政府、企业、公众三者角色定位为核心论题,结合广州发展实际与第三代环境管理理念,提出低碳广州的理性发展必需有主导的政府、能动的企业、积极的公众参与和监督,三者互相制衡,互相促进。未来广州低碳立法必须以此为基准,全面构建符合社会发展规律的低碳法律体系。     

Territorial politics and the success of collaborative environmental governance: local and regional partnerships compared

The paper explores the role local governments and territorial proximity play in the efficiency of collaborative environmental governance. It develops the hypothesis that the representatives of local authorities involved in partnerships possess resources to diminish the pitfalls of sustainable governance, facilitate coordination, and contribute to the success of shared policy-making. Four French and English partnerships are presented. They include a diversity of stakeholders such as fisheries, ports, farmers, yachting associations, environmental NGOs, or local authorities. Thereby, the paper develops whether and under which conditions local governments play a positive or negative role, as well as comparing territorial levels of implementation and the effects of geographical proximity. It is shown that collaboration at the regional level prevents the integration of decision-making in organisational networks, the inclusion of citizens, and the development of social responsibility for stakeholders – the partnership acting as a formalisation of pre-existing lobbying. Locally, governments assume inter-organisational leadership and do contribute to the institutionalisation of the new forums. Yet, local successes of partnerships answer logics of social, rather than environmental, regulation. The local attenuation of usage conflicts does not necessarily reduce the negative effects of those usages on the environment. By stressing a collaborative definition of environmental problems, the partnerships tend to sideline substantial policy changes, and possibly conflict with the goals and long-term temporality of sustainable governance.     

煤矿安全投资动态管理与政府资助研究

从煤炭企业和政府互动的角度出发,首先对煤矿安全投资项目存在的管理、技术及市场风险进行分析,针对安全投资整个生命周期的多阶段的内在特点,建立煤矿安全投资项目价值评估的动态决策模型,在规避风险的前提下实现项目价值的最大化.同时,考虑煤矿安全投资中煤炭企业投入和政府资助的合理配置与互动博弈,建立动态投资与政府资助决策模型.对模型中参数进行了分析,并进行了仿真分析.模型全面、客观的对煤矿安全投资项目的价值进行了评估,并对政府资助模式和决策进行了剖析.最后,提出了相关的政策建议.为煤矿安全投资和政府资助决策、实现最佳的经济效益和社会效益提供理论和方法论的支持.     

互联网环境管理——一种新的环境管理方法

本文调查了我国官方环保网站的现状和存在的问题，提出了互联网环境管理的定义、功能、运作机制和官方环保网站的基本要求。     

Estimation of Regional, Local and Site-specific Profitability of Soil Conservation for the Wheat-Sheep Zone of New South Wales, Australia

Information about the net benefits of land degradation treatment is required at the relevant management level, such as regional, local or site-specific, to assist decision makers in the allocation of funds to soil conservation. In this paper, estimates of regional opportunity costs of erosion and costs of treatment are used to derive benefit-cost ratios to assess the profitability of gully erosion treatment for localities in the wheat-sheep zone of New South Wales. These results are then used to develop site-specific models which predict benefit-cost ratios of treatment from land attributes including gully length, slope, soil type and land use. These predictive models form the basis of a rapid appraisal method to aid soil conservation decisions.