政府环境监管与企业最优环境策略的博弈

随着我国经济的快速发展,伴随而来的是日趋严峻的环境污染,而在政府环境监管的背景下,各个利益相关者之间的博弈在环保效果实施中发挥了很大的作用。利用博弈论的分析方法,建立了一个关于中央政府、地方政府和企业三个利益相关者之间的利益博弈模型,通过对该模型的求解得出三方的平衡状态。最后针对如何实现政府高效监管和企业最优环境策略,向博弈三方共同努力推动社会经济可持续发展提供了相关政策建议。     

基于微信公众平台的地震信息发布研究

随着智能手机的普及、移动互联网的高速发展,微信公众平台依托多媒体图文推送、及时性、互动方便快捷等优势,在地震信息发布中扮演越来越重要的角色。为了提高地震政务微信服务的针对性和有效性,统计了57个已认证地震微信公众号,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,对于其发布信息的特点进行分析与归纳。给出了当前地震政务微信在内容上、发布形式上、互动性等多方面存在的问题。最后,针对地震微信公众平台的信息发布特点提出了对策建议。     

大数据时代政府环境治理路径创新

本文针对政府环境治理面临政府失灵、市场失灵和社会低效三个困境,提出运用大数据方法创新治理路径。政府应用大数据提高环境治理过程中的事前、事中和事后监管效能,创新监管模式提升环境治理能力,改善政府失灵困境;依托大数据完善市场化调节机制,激励企业环境行为市场化,构建企业环境信用评价体系,改变企业环境信息披露模式,弥补市场失灵;利用大数据增进公众环境意识,建设公开、透明、平权化的环境信息交互体系,重视环境信息的舆情引导,促进环保价值理念传播,改变公众参与低效现状。进而提出完善大数据治理平台、技术和体系,构建政府、企业、公众共同参与的立体化环境治理模式,提高环境治理的精准化、精细化和智能化水平。     

公众参与环评听证法律问题研究

对于比较敏感或涉及面较广建设项目的环境影响评价公众参与的表达途径,一般采用听证会。在中国,公众参与环评听证会,在听证公告、代表遴选、政府回应方面都面临困境,需要分别找寻出路:对于听证公告,要明确适用范围、确立合理期限、完善内容规定、采用合理方式来应对;对于代表遴选,建立一整套行之有效的制度势在必行;对于政府回应,建立一个合理的评估系统、启动司法审查不失为良策。     

Sex differences in mass loss rate and growth efficiency in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups at Macquarie Island

We investigated the relationship between the mass gained by a pup during a period of maternal attendance (as an index of milk intake) and the duration of the preceding foraging trip in relation to the mass-specific rate of mass loss during fasting periods and the growth rate of Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups at Macquarie Island. We found that (1) serially weighed male pups grew significantly faster than females pups and that (2) fasting female pups lost mass at a significantly higher rate (2.55% day⁻¹) than male pups (2.12% day⁻¹) of the same mass; (3) during periods of maternal attendance, there were no intersexual differences in the amount of mass gained by pups of the same size, hence (4) female pups required a higher daily mass gain to grow at the same rate as male pups. Our results show that intersexual differences in growth rate may be accounted for by intersexual differences in mass-specific rate of mass loss, because females lost 0.42% more of their total mass per day (i.e. 4.2 g kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) compared with male pups of the same body mass. Despite intersexual differences in growth rates, our results indicate equality of maternal expenditure between the sexes. Intersexual differences in the rate of mass loss may be due to differences in the metabolic rate, activity level and/or body composition of male and female pups. Received: 19 August 1998 / Received in revised form: 19 April 1999 / Accepted: 19 April 1999     

中小企业安全生产“供求”与政府管制

从安全生产作为一种"公共产品"的视角,分析中小企业供给与需求状况,得出目前中小企业安全生产处于"供给低、需求低"的非正常状态,说明劳动力市场对安全供求的调节已经失灵;通过对安全管制下中小企业日常安全管理行动的调研,结合相关研究成果,说明中小企业安全生产管制存在"管制失灵";对安全生产管制存在的问题进行分析,并提出以完善安全生产法律法规体系为前提,以加强中小企业安全生产监管信息库建设为基础,以建立和完善中小企业安全生产三大机制为手段将中小企业安全生产引入良性发展轨道。     

Prospects for disaster management in China and the role of insurance

ABSTRACT

Natural disasters have serious negative consequences for China and it is necessary to build an effective and efficient disaster relief system. This paper aims to provide suggestions for how to restructure and optimise China’s disaster relief system. This paper first discusses the four main channels through which relief funds are currently distributed in China while also examining the relative share of relief funds directed through each channel. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of these relief channels are compared. Finally, suggestions for how China can reduce the negative economic and social impacts of natural disasters by restructuring and optimising its current disaster relief system are provided. The paper presents several main findings. Currently, government-channelled funds are the most important source of disaster relief in China. However, the actual ratio of relief funds from the government to the total amount of losses and the ratio of relief funds from the four channels added together are both very low. This paper argues that the role of commercial insurance in disaster relief is far from sufficient. Importantly, suggestions are also provided on how to restructure the system and on the relative role that each of these channels should play in China’s disaster relief system.     

论政府安全文化的若干基本问题

为明晰政府安全文化的基本理论问题,进而确立政府安全文化研究与实践的基本理论框架,根据组织安全文化与政府文化的定义,提出政府安全文化的定义,并依次从政府安全文化的主体、载体、主要内容与直接目的等9方面出发,详细探讨政府安全文化的重要内涵。在此基础上,深入解析政府安全文化的建设思路与路径。结果表明:政府安全文化建设是推进政府安全监督管理体制机制改革和提升政府安全监督管理水平的一条重要思路和措施,政府安全文化的建设思路与路径主要包括4方面内容,即建设内容、建设方向、核心理念与建设途径。     

Validation of Methods for Determination of Metabolic Rate in the Edholm Scale and ISO 8996

The aim of this study was to validate the Edholm scale (Edholm, 1966) and the ISO 8996 standard (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 1990) by comparing the metabolic rates estimated for both methods with the actual measured metabolic rate (M_Meas) in 6 manual material handling tasks simulated under laboratory conditions. The metabolic rate was calculated from oxygen consumption VO₂ (19 participants) according to Standard No. ISO 8996 (ISO, 1990). Additionally, the participants estimated perceived exertion using the Borg scale. The metabolic rates derived from the Edholm scale (M_Edh) overestimated 5 of 6 activities by 34-50% (α = .05). The metabolic rates derived from ISO 8996 (M_ISO) overestimated all activities by 7-38% (α =.05).     

关于建立政府环境保护绩效评价制度的思考

政府绩效评估作为一项行之有效的政府管理工具,在提高政府的管理效能和公共服务能力方面具有重要的促进作用。政府绩效评估随着政府改革的推进而不断完善。在不同的阶段,随着政府改革的主题与目标的变化,评估的侧重点、目标和形式等也相应地发生变化。在我国,服务型政府作为一种新的政府治理模式已成为政府改革的主题和目标。服务型政府建设对行政管理体的改进、政府行政理念的拓展、政府角色的合理定位等,都为改善政府绩效评估提供了新的基础和目标导向。同时,也对完善政府绩效评估提出了新的要求。服务型政府的治理模式和治理理念,在我国环境保护方面也应当起到它应有的作用,建立起政府环境保护绩效评价制度。