环境影响评价中公众参与方案设计研究

针对环境影响评价中公众参与方案设计问题,文中探讨了环境影响评价中的公众参与,是一项社会学的研究内容,它的指导思想也是以社会学为理论基础的,总体设计了参与机制主要考虑有效性、针对性、可行性的特点,它的具体设计包括信息交流与参与方式、参与时间和对象、参与的内容、反馈和监督,通过分析环境影响评价中公众参与的机制,进行了环境影响评价中公众参与的方案设计,为如何提高公众参与的有效性进行了有益的探讨。     

从法学视角论地方政府环境质量负责制——兼评《环境保护法修正案草案》三审稿第六条第二款

环保法修正案三审稿,对政府环境责任予以高度关注,在总则中规定“地方各级人民政府对本行政区域的环境质量负责”,并规定相关配套制度保障落实该条款。通过对三审稿关于政府环境责任条款的分析、解读,可以明确地方政府环境质量负责制的含义,明晰该制度在总则中规定的意义。三审稿从地方政府行使环境职权和承担环境责任两方面对地方政府环境质量负责制予以制度保障和落实,但其制度保障仍不充分,仍需从制度自身完善、事前监督机制以及外部问责机制三个方面使地方政府环境质量负责制进一步落实,使地方政府环境质量负责制得到真正实施。     

西方环保民间组织的发展及借鉴研究

在西方,环保民间组织作为环境保护的一支新兴力量发展已日趋成熟。文章简要阐述了西方环保民间组织的发展演化过程及概况,重点分析了与政府合作、与企业科研机构合作、与其他组织合作、与媒体合作等四种运行模式,总结了网络化、多样化、专业化、经济独立及名人效应等众多特点。最后在借鉴国外的经验基础上,中国应立足实际,充分发挥环保NGO这一组织的作用,开辟解决环境问题的新途径。     

中国环境管理参与的研究现状、问题与对策研究

基于中国学术期刊网络版数据库,采用文献计量法,对中国440篇环境管理参与文献进行分析.结果表明,当前中国环境管理参与研究具有研究阶段性显著、期刊文献信息分布离散性与集中性并存、高校为研究主力军且高校间合作为主要合作形式、制度建构与创新是主要研究问题、多元协作成为研究新趋势、基金支持以单项基金为主、北京是文献产量和受基金资助最多的地区等特点.同时,中国环境管理参与研究存在研究成果少、期刊质量低、跨机构合作不足、研究深度浅、基金分布不均、研究"东强西弱"等问题.最后,与问题相对应提出相关建议.     

燃气汽车的经济外部性分析及发展策略研究

从经济外部性的角度出发，对燃气汽车和燃油汽车进行了比较分析，论主下了燃油汽车具有负的外部性以及燃气汽车具有正的外部性。为解决外部性问题、促进燃气汽车发展，政府干预是必要的。     

Improving Access to Water Resources through Rainwater Harvesting as A Mitigation Measure: The Case of the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region

This paper focuses on the importance of rainwater harvesting to mitigate the scarcity of water in the semi-arid region of Brazil. It is a case study about the Million Cisterns Project, an initiative developed by NGOs with the support of Brazilian Federal Government Institutions and international funding organizations. The project is innovative in a series of ways when compared to mitigation measures previously implemented by the government. Instead of focussing on short-term, top-down, palliative measures based on the construction of dams and wells, it focuses on low cost, bottom-up, long-term measures and, most importantly, it involves an educational component. Thus, the provision of water is closely related to the empowerment of the most destitute population and this leads to the sustainability of the actions. The case study serves to illustrate the relevance of the partnership between grassroots organizations and governmental institutions in the context of mitigation.     

Research on Public Participation and Information Publicity in Strategic Environmental Assessment

1 INTRODUCTIONStrategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is the application of EIA(Environment Impact Assessment) to strategic actions such as policies, plans or programs (PPPs). More specially, SEA is: 'The formalized, systematic and comprehensive process of evaluating the environmental impacts of a policy, plan or program and its alternatives, including the preparation of a written report on the findings of that evaluation, and using the findings in publicly accountable decision-ma…     

退耕还林政策的激励机制缺陷

运用公共经济学中中央政府与地方职能划分的原则、土地竞租原理和产权经济学理论。分析了退耕还林中地方政府和农民承担的成本和收益损失。认为中央政府在退耕还林中忽视了地方政府的利益需求。不仅对地方政府在退耕还林中的生态贡献补偿不足。而且加重了地方政府的工作负担和财政负担。对地方政府缺乏激励；对农民的补偿较之于其在退耕还林中承担的直接成本、间接成本和林业经营的巨大风险。现有补偿数量不足。时间短；林地承包经营权限制性强、缺乏可交易性又使产权激励功能弱化。退耕还林要实现“退得下、稳得住、不返弹”的目标，必须加大对退耕还林地区地方政府和农民补偿额度。并建立长期、稳定、合理的生态补偿机制。     

The Social Meaning of Carbon Dioxide Emission Trading Institutional Capacity Building for a Green Market in Costa Rica

Forests offer good possibilities for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. This service can be commodified by the introduction of carbon (dioxide) credits, which can be traded on a carbon market. The premise of this paper is that the traditional economic view on the construction of these carbon markets is a too simplistic one, particularly, because it neglects the social meaning of a carbon market for developing countries. From their viewpoint as suppliers of carbon credits such a market has a broader meaning. It must be seen as a social mechanism for improving both the living conditions of local people and a more encompassing improvement of the environment than climate as such. What initially might be labelled as a carbon market might better be understood as a more encompassing 'green market'. The agreement between Costa Rica and Norway, officially known as the Reforestation Conservation Activities Implemented Jointly Project (RFCAIJP) represents a clear example of a green market. In this paper, we study the development, characteristics and benefits of that market, asking the question what lessons can be learned from this first practical experiences. More specifically we focus on the conditions that have made this type of agreement successful.     

Participatory Model Calibration for Improving Resource Management Systems: Case Study of Rainwater Harvesting in an Indian Village

While planning resource management systems in rural areas, it is important to consider criteria that are specific to the local social conditions. Such criteria might change from one region to another and are hence best identified using a participatory approach. In this work, we propose a participatory framework to identify such criteria and derive their weights. These identified criteria and their weights are used as parameters to develop a quantitative model for evaluating efficiency of each system. Such a model can serve as a support tool for stakeholders to simulate and analyze “what‐if” scenarios, evaluate alternatives, and select one which best satisfies their requirements. We use existing systems to test the model by comparing efficiencies evaluated by the model to efficiencies perceived by the stakeholders. The model is calibrated by repeating the process until statistically significant correlation is achieved between evaluated and perceived efficiencies. The novelty of the proposed framework lies in treating efficiencies perceived by the stakeholders as the ground truth since they know these systems well and are their ultimate users. The framework is successfully demonstrated using case study of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in an Indian village. The resulting calibrated model can be used to plan new RWH systems in this region and similar regions elsewhere. The framework can be used to plan other resource management systems in various regions.