Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate (Nv) had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4 -N/(m3d), and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows: more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency (nitrite as the main product), 60%-74% NH4 -N removal efficiency, and NO2--N/NH4 -N ratio (concentration ratio) of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent. The impact of temperature was related to iVv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30癈 was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria could be acclimated to higher FA (free ammonium) in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms in the reactor.     

燃煤锅炉用高温滤料研究与应用

通过分析国内外燃煤锅炉用滤料现状,阐述目前滤料的技术状况并分析各种滤料的使用条件;通过分析滤料的性能,针对滤料的结构进行改进,针对我国燃煤锅炉的高温、高浓度和复杂烟气工况问题研发讨论新型滤料技术,详细介绍P84(聚酰亚胺) PPS(聚苯硫醚或聚对苯硫醚)梯度结构,PTFE(聚四氟乙烯) 膨体玻纤覆膜滤料,膜 分层纤维 玻纤基布等表层结合梯度结构的新型滤料;测试对比复合滤料与传统滤料性能参数的差异,分析几类高温滤料性能测试的实验结果并提出相关的结论和建议,新型滤料在实际案例中利用取得优良效果.     

印染废水处理的磁混凝-高梯度磁分离协同作用

混凝过程作为工业废水的预处理技术普遍受到重视,在混凝过程中降低污泥产生量并提高污泥分离速度是该技术发展的方向,基于上述目标,通过将磁粉引入絮体使之磁化并在自行研制的高梯度磁分离装置中实现磁混凝与磁分离的协同作用.以高浊度的印染废水作为试验废水,以色度、COD及SS作为考核指标,重点考察了磁混凝反应及磁分离的影响因素.当印染废水的色度约为900倍、COD约为595 mg/L、SS约为500 mg/L时,在pH=8.5、FeSO4500 mg/L、PAM3.5 mg/L、磁粉400 mg/L的适宜磁混凝反应条件下,相应指标去除率比传统混凝法分别高出17.3%、21.7%及24.2%,此时絮团沉降速度增大了64.3%,污泥体积减少了61%,污泥压缩比为0.39.在电流强度8 A、流速2.5 L/min和介质填充率1%的操作条件下,该磁性絮体流经高梯度磁分离装置时的水力表面负荷达到61.0 m3/m2·h,处理出水达到国家二级排放标准.     

堆肥化过程中微生物群落的动态

通过变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和平板计数法对堆肥化过程中微生物的区系动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,在堆肥化过程中,微生物数量总的趋势是细菌的数量最多,放线菌次之,真菌的数量最少,中温微生物的数量始终高于高温微生物.当发酵结束后,中温微生物的数量低于发酵初始水平,高温放线菌和高温真菌的数量试验结束后高于初始水平,高温细菌的数量在整个堆肥化过程中变化不大.通过DGGE分析表明,发酵过程中细菌的种类发生了明显的更迭现象.发酵初期Bdellovibrio、Clostridia bacterium、Bacillus、Clostridium等占优势,中期Beta proteobacterium、Petrobacter succinimandens、Nitrospirae bacterium、Clostridium等占优势,后期Clostridium、Beta proteobacterium、Paenibacillus等占优势,而在整个堆肥化过程中Clostridium都是优势种.     

海底管道腐蚀防护状态检测方法

目的 介绍一种海底管道腐蚀防护状态的非接触式检测方法 ,验证基于远地参比电极电位差测量的海底管道腐蚀防护状态检测方法 的可行性.方法 论述基于远地参比电极电位差测量的非接触式检测方法 的原理,并应用数值模拟软件模拟计算964.6 m长的海底管道的电位,分析5种不同工况下埋深海底管道的整体电位在200 m水深范围内的分布...     

梯形渠道岸边排污浓度分布的理论分析

从无限区域圆形瞬时源扩散的浓度分布公式人手,推导出梯形区域内瞬时线源扩散的近似浓度计算公式,进而得到了梯形渠道岸边排污的浓度分布公式计算公式表明,边坡倾角对污染物的浓度分布影响较大,浓度值随边坡倾角的增加而减小,近似遵循双曲线的递减规律.浓度分布解析解得到了扩散方程数值解的良好验证,两者在污染源附近有所差异,但随着距污染源距离的增加,计算结果愈加吻合,该解析公式可为天然河流岸边污染混合区的污染物浓度估算提供有力的工具.     

露采高边坡模型初始地应力场快速生成方法研究

为防止露釆高边坡建模中初始地应力场畸变,采用子模型法和等效应力梯度边界面力法,用等效应力梯度边界面力替代简化部分水平构造应力,施加侧边界条件.以黄山石灰石矿山高边坡为工程实例,建立取至负地形的高边坡整体计算模型和简化子模型,计算对比整体大模型与简化子模型初始地应力场模拟结果.结果表明:整体大模型与简化子模型水平方向和竖...     

煤的受热升温过程及厚度与粒度的影响

为了解煤在中等温度(150～400℃)下氧化的特点,对贫煤和褐煤进行了系列恒温加热.重点考察在超过加热温度后煤的升温速率,以分析其氧化放热反应的特点.不同条件实验中,贫煤的升温速率曲线都在相同的一些温度点附近出现峰值;褐煤也有相同的规律.这表明在特定温度附近氧化反应加强是由煤自身的特性决定的.另一方面煤样的厚度越小、粒度越大都使得升温速率数值增大,说明厚度小、粒度大有利于氧气的输运,而导致氧化反应加快.     

三峡工程对洞庭湖水力梯度及其湿地植物生长的影响

水力梯度是制约洞庭湖湿地植物生长的主要因素.通过分析三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水力梯度的变化来研究其对洞庭湖湿地植物的影响,能为该区植物多样性及退化生态系统的恢复提供科学依据.研究表明,三峡工程的运行不同程度上降低了洞庭湖的水力梯度,且枯水期的影响大于丰水期.其中东洞庭湖受其影响最为明显,特别是在4月和10月,洞庭湖其他地段水力梯度变化较为平稳.三峡工程对洞庭湖湿地植物的影响是枯水期大于丰水期,除了4月和5月对洞庭湖湿地植物的生长产生不利的影响外,其他月份有着有利的影响或影响不大.     

Nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) and N2O reduction along the littoral gradient of a eutrophic freshwater lake

Lake littoral zones are characterized by heterogeneity in the biogeochemistry of nutrient elements. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ)-encoding denitrifier community composition/abundance and N2O reduction. Five samples (deep sediment, near-transition sediment, transition site, near-transition land and land soil) were collected along a littoral gradient of eutrophic Baiyangdian Lake, North China. To investigate the relationship between the nosZ-encoding denitrifier community structure and N2O reduction, the nosZ-encoding denitrifier community composition/abundance, potential denitrification rate (DNR) and potential N2O production rate (pN2O) were investigated using molecular biological technologies and laboratory incubation experiments. The results showed that the average DNR of sediments was about 25 times higher than that of land soils, reaching 282.5 nmol N/(g dry weight (dw)·hr) and that the average pN2O of sediments was about 3.5 times higher than that of land soils, reaching 15.7 nmol N/(g dw·hr). In the land area, the nosZ gene abundance showed a negative correlation with the N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio, indicating that nosZ gene abundance dominated N2O reduction both in the surface soils of the land area and in the soil core of the transition site.Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the nosZ sequences recovered from sediment clustered closely with the isolates Azospirillum largimobile and Azospirillum irakense affiliated to Rhodospirillaceae in alpha-Proteobacteria, while about 92.3% (12/13) of the nosZ sequences recovered from land soil affiliated to Rhizobiaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae in α-Proteobacteria. The community composition of nosZ gene-encoding denitrifiers appeared to be coupled with N2O reduction along the littoral gradient.