土壤功能与环境因素在海拔梯度上的耦合关系：以梅里雪山为例

土壤呼吸和胞外酶活是山地生态系统物质循环的重要组成部分,对维持土壤功能起到关键作用.为了探究土壤功能与环境因素在海拔梯度上的耦合关系,以海拔上气候垂直差异明显的梅里雪山作为研究对象,选取12个海拔高度采集36个土壤样本,通过测定土壤呼吸和胞外酶活等指标,分析土壤功能和环境因素之间的相关关系以及海拔、气候和土壤理化性质等对土壤功能的影响.结果表明,梅里雪山土壤呼吸和酶活在海拔上存在显著差异,整体上高海拔地区具有更高的土壤功能,土壤功能随着海拔升高差异增加.PCA分析显示前3轴分别解释了土壤功能海拔变化56.7%、 17.4%和8.7%的方差,表明在海拔上与碳磷相关的功能变化高于与氮相关的功能变化.环境因素与土壤呼吸和酶活存在显著相关关系,相比于气候因素,土壤理化性质对土壤功能的影响更大.海拔主要通过影响土壤理化性质和气候因素间接影响土壤功能.研究结果对提高梅里雪山山地生态系统的物质循环和生态功能的认识具有重要意义,为深入探讨山地生态系统土壤功能的海拔分布格局及演变特征提供了重要参考.     

亚麻温水脱胶液中细菌菌群结构分析

为了探讨实验室条件下模拟的工厂亚麻温水脱胶液中细菌菌群结构,采用纯培养技术和PCR-DGGE技术(Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)对细菌菌群结构进行了研究.用纯培养方法分离获得9类菌落,其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)在有氧培养条件下总是处于优势.梭菌属(Clostridium)在厌氧培养过程中总是处于优势.微球菌属(Micrococcus)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)只有亚麻脱胶初期才有发现.PCR-DGGE指纹图谱显示,亚麻温水脱胶过程中条带数量较少且没有明显种群群落结构演替过程.通过对不同时期沤麻液中16S rDNAV3片段PCR产物d、e两个DGGE条带进行分子克隆、序列测定和Blas份析,发现e条带包含的16S rDNAV3片段除e 35外均属于假单胞菌属.d条带包含着较多不同的16S rDNAV3片段,其中有传统方法没有分离到的泛菌属(Pantoea)细菌、一些NCBI未收录的序列及一些非可培养微生物序列.纯培养技术和PCR-DGGE技术的共同使用,可以更全面准确地提供细菌多样性方面的信息.图4参15     

元谋干热河谷植物功能性状组合的海拔梯度响应

植物功能性状能够显示对环境变化的响应,不同的适应对策呈现出不同的功能性状组合。干热河谷地区水分是最主要的限制性环境因子,之前的大部分研究都是集中关注于干热河谷局部地段,对于从垂直海拔上来研究不同植物在环境梯度下的变化的研究较少。干热河谷地区由于梵风效应,水分胁迫沿海拔梯度发生变化,一般表现为随海拔高度升高,气温降低,湿度和降水量增加,而蒸发量减小,辐射增强。以云南元谋干热河谷4个海拔梯度（1491.33、1730.20、1850.00、1925.57 m）中的植物为研究对象,选取叶片干物质含量（LDMC）、叶面积（LA）、比叶面积（SLA）、叶片厚度（LT）和叶密度（LD）5个功能性状,研究它们的相互关系,比较了海拔间的差异。结果表明：1）5个功能性状在不同海拔间均呈现出一定差异,变异系数由高到低为LD>LA>SLA>LT>LDMC（分别是101%、64%、56%、41%和19%）;方差分析结果也表明,5个功能性状在不同海拔之间差异显著（F=56.218,P<0.01;F=7.829,P<0.01;F=11.21,P<0.01;F=7.429,P<0.01;F=19.213,P<0.01）,尤其是在最低（1491.33 mm）和最高（1927.57 mm）海拔之间,各性状均具有极显著的差异;2）性状之间存在组合关系, LD与其他性状间相关性最为明显,除LDMC以外,LD与LA、SLA、LT均呈现出极显著负相关关系;LDMC与LA和LT呈极显著负相关;SLA与LA和LT呈正相关,而与LDMC显著负相关;LT与SLA显著正相关,与LA之间相关性不显著;3）在不同的海拔梯度之间,性状组合存在非同步变化现象。研究显示,元谋干热河谷地区,植物对水分环境的海拔梯度变化产生功能性状组合的响应,低海拔和高海拔物种对所处环境的适应策略不同,使得植物在海拔梯度上出现叶片功能性状组合的分化和差异。     

戈壁荒漠上大气稳定度分类方法探讨和大气湍流变化特征

为了研究戈壁荒漠上大气扩散规律和边界层结构。根据气象铁塔常规气象观测和湍流观测的结果,分析戈壁荒漠大气边界层温度梯度和湍流变化的一些特征。分析结果表明,同其它下垫面相比温度梯度日变化大,与风速的关系较为奇特。采用通常P─T分类标准直接应用该地区作大气稳定度分类,与实际情况有较大误差,须经适当修改后才能使用。湍流统计量的日夜变化强,表明戈壁荒漠下垫面的热力作用对湍流混合的助长和抑制。这些特征为进一步分析戈壁荒漠上大气边界层结构和大气扩散研究提供了依据。     

内浮顶油罐“小呼吸”对环境影响过程的分析

内浮顶油罐结合了外浮顶油罐和拱顶油罐的优点,具有特定的蒸发损耗特点.利用自制的内浮顶油罐实验平台,研究了油罐内气体空间里的油气浓度的分布梯度、分子扩散、热扩散、强迫对流等作用对油品蒸发损耗的影响.结果表明,内浮顶油罐的"小呼吸"损耗,主要是受到温度变化引起的油气分子热扩散作用的影响.在此基础上,本研究提出了相关的降低蒸发损耗的措施以及内浮顶油罐蒸发损耗的计算公式.     

Thermal Physiology,Disease, and Amphibian Declines on the Eastern Slopes of the Andes

Rising temperatures, a widespread consequence of climate change, have been implicated in enigmatic amphibian declines from habitats with little apparent human impact. The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), now widespread in Neotropical mountains, may act in synergy with climate change causing collapse in thermally stressed hosts. We measured the thermal tolerance of frogs along a wide elevational gradient in the Tropical Andes, where frog populations have collapsed. We used the difference between critical thermal maximum and the temperature a frog experiences in nature as a measure of tolerance to high temperatures. Temperature tolerance increased as elevation increased, suggesting that frogs at higher elevations may be less sensitive to rising temperatures. We tested the alternative pathogen optimal growth hypothesis that prevalence of the pathogen should decrease as temperatures fall outside the optimal range of pathogen growth. Our infection‐prevalence data supported the pathogen optimal growth hypothesis because we found that prevalence of Bd increased when host temperatures matched its optimal growth range. These findings suggest that rising temperatures may not be the driver of amphibian declines in the eastern slopes of the Andes. Zoonotic outbreaks of Bd are the most parsimonious hypothesis to explain the collapse of montane amphibian faunas; but our results also reveal that lowland tropical amphibians, despite being shielded from Bd by higher temperatures, are vulnerable to climate‐warming stress. Fisiología Termal, Enfermedades y Disminuciones de Anfibios en las Laderas Orientales de los Andes     

磁处理水的处理作用及其影响分析

通过磁场在工业废水、城市污水和饮用水处理中的应用，对磁场处理水的物理作用原理及其影响因素进行了分析。指出了磁场在水处理中的应用优势和磁场效应与各种水处理技术共同作用实现多种水处理功能的技术前景。     

岩溶对黄壁庄水库副坝坝基渗流场的影响分析

黄壁庄水库副坝曾多次出现管涌流沙和塌坝现象,其影响因素诸多,而基岩中溶洞和破碎带的存在是重要影响因素之一。为此,选择溶洞坝段进行三维渗流场的数值模拟,分析了溶洞的存在与否对坝基渗流场的改造作用以及对坝体渗透坡降的影响,并时设置防渗墙的必要性进行讨论,为除险加固措施的制订提供参考。     

Nitrous oxide emission from an agricultural field: Comparison between measurements by flux chamber and micrometerological techniques

The soil in a drained fjord area, reclaimed for arable farming, produced N₂O mainly at 75–105 cm depth, just above the ground water level. Surface emissions of N₂O were measured from discrete small areas by closed and open-flow chamber methods, using gas chromatographic analysis and over larger areas by integrative methods: flux gradient (analysis by FTIR), conditional sampling (analysis by TDLAS), and eddy covariance (analysis by TDLAS). The mean emission of N₂O as determined by chamber procedures during a 9-day campaign was 162–202 μg N₂ONm⁻²h⁻¹ from a wheat stubble and 328–467 μg N₂ONm⁻² h⁻¹ from a carrot field. The integrative approaches gave N₂O emissions of 149–495 μg N₂ONm⁻² h⁻¹, i.e. a range similar to those determined with the chamber methods. Wind direction affected the comparison of chamber and integrative methods because of patchiness of the N₂O emission over the area. When a uniform area with a single type of vegetation had a dominant effect on the N₂O gradient at the sampling mast, the temporal variation in N₂O emission determined by the flux gradient/FTIR method and chamber methods was very similar, with differences of only 18% or less in mean N₂O emission, well below the variation encountered with the chamber methods themselves. A detailed comparison of FTIR gradient and chamber data taking into account the precise emission footprint showed good agreement. It is concluded that there was no bias between the different approaches used to measure the N₂O emission and that the precision of the measurements was determined by the spatial variability of the N₂O emission at the site and the variability inherent in the individual techniques. These results confirm that measurements of N₂O emissions from different ecosystems obtained by the different methods can be meaningfully compared.     

Relationships between indoor and outdoor air pollution by carcinogenic PAHs and PCBs

PAHs and PCBs were collected simultaneously indoors and outdoors at eight non-smoking homes located in four buildings in high-traffic areas of Rome. The purpose was to evaluate the relevance of indoor air in contributing to the overall exposure of the urban population. The vertical distribution was also investigated by collecting outdoor samples at both road and roof level, and indoor samples in both a high and a low floor flat of each building. At one coal-heated building, samples were collected during both the heating and the non-heating season. No evident PAH source was present indoors. Indoor and outdoor daily concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) ranged, respectively, 0.1–4.6 ng m⁻³ and 0.7–2.3 ng m⁻³. With the heating on, indoor PAH concentrations equalled or exceeded those outdoors, with BaP indoor/outdoor ratios up to 4; during the warm season, ratios decreased to 0.2–0.6. Indoor PAHs at the low floors exceeded the high-floor ones when the heating was off (vehicle exhausts being the dominant source), while being equal or lower with the heating on; the vertical gradient of indoor PAHs between different floors was within a factor of 2. Outdoor PAHs at roof level were 20–70% of those at road level, which in turn exceeded those at the medium-traffic station up to a factor of 4. The outdoor concentrations of Σ6 indicator PCBs ranged 0.1–1.6 ng m⁻³. Indoor PCB concentrations exceeded those outdoors by an approximate factor of 2–50. No vertical gradient was observed. The results indicated that indoor air may contribute to the overall exposure to PAHs and PCBs more than the urban air. They were also consistent with recent findings suggesting that indoor air can be a relevant source of PCBs for outdoor air.