Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risks of antibiotics in soil in urban agglomeration

Antibiotics in soil environment are regarded as emerging pollutants and have introduced increasing risks to soil ecosystem and human health in rapid urbanization areas. Identifying the occurrence and spatial variability of antibiotics in soils is an urgent issue in sustaining soil security. In this study, antibiotics in soils were investigated and analyzed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. The occurrence, spatial distribution, and related affecting factors of antibiotics in soils were identified and ecological risks of antibiotics in soil environment were assessed. Results showed that (1) The mean concentration of soil antibiotics in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration was 21.79 µg/kg. Land use substantially affected the occurrence and concentration of antibiotics in soils. Concentrations of antibiotics in cropland and orchard soils were 2-3 times higher than the other land use types. (2) The concentrations of antibiotics in soils in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration presented a spatial pattern of high values in southeast, and low values in northwest. Spatial variability of antibiotics in soils was closely related to the application of organic fertilizer and wastewater irrigation as well as topographical features. Furthermore, soil properties and land management policy had substantial influences on soil antibiotics, and soil heavy metals may aggravate the accumulation of antibiotics in soils. (3) Ecological risks assessment of antibiotics in soils demonstrated that erythromycin (ERY), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and doxycycline (DOX) may introduce high risks to soil ecosystem health, and more attention should be paid to the areas with intensive human activities that had potential high risk to soil ecosystem health. This study suggests that scientific land and soil management should be considered to prevent soil antibiotic pollution and sustain soil security in urban agglomeration.     

Strain analysis in Jurassic argillites of the Monte Sirino area (Lagonegro Zone, southern Apennines, Italy) and implications for deformation paths in pelitic rocks

Analysis of strain in Jurassic argillites forming part of the folded and thrusted sedimentary succession of the Lagonegro basin (southern Italian Apennines) has been carried out using ellipsoid-shaped 'reduction' spots as strain markers. Most of the determined finite strain ellipsoids are of oblate type and show a peculiar distribution of the maximum extension direction ( X), with maxima either subparallel or subperpendicular to the local fold axes. Using the strain matrix method, two different deformation histories have been considered to assist the interpretation of the observed finite strain pattern. A first deformation history involved vertical compaction followed by horizontal shortening (occurring by a combination of true tectonic strain and volume loss), whereby all strain is coaxial and there is no change in the intermediate axis of the strain ellipsoid. By this type of deformation sequence, which produces a deformation path where total strain moves from the oblate to the prolate strain field and back to the oblate field, prolate strain ellipsoids can be generated and may be recorded where tectonic deformation has not been large enough to reverse pre-tectonic compaction. This type of deformation history may be of local importance within the study area (i.e. it may characterize some fold hinge regions) and, more generally, is probably of limited occurrence in deformed pelitic rocks. A second deformation sequence considered the superposition of pre-tectonic compaction and tectonic strain consisting of initial layer-parallel shortening followed by layer-parallel shear (related to flexural folding). Also in this instance, volume change during tectonic deformation and tectonic plane strain have been assumed. For geologically reasonable amounts of volume loss due to compaction and of initial layer-parallel shortening, this type of deformation history is capable of producing a deformation path entirely lying within the oblate strain field, but still characterized by a changeover, during deformation, of the maximum extension axis ( X) from a position parallel to the fold axis to one perpendicular to it. This type of deformation sequence may explain the main strain features observed in the study area, where most of the measured finite strain ellipsoids, determined from the limb regions of flexural folds, display an oblate shape, irrespective of the orientation of their maximum extension direction ( X) with respect to the local structural trends. More generally, this type of deformation history provides a mechanism to account for the predominance of oblate strains in deformed pelitic rocks. Key words Finite strain states · Compaction · Tectonic strain · Deformation gradient tensors · Deformation paths     

海岸线卫星遥感提取方法研究

海岸线位置的确定是海岛海岸带遥感调查的重要环节.本文以辽宁省大连、营口地区的海岸为研究对象,提出了根据不同海岸类型的地貌特点对卫星图像中海岸线的解译方法;借助数字图像处理技术对不同类型海岸的图像进行针对性的预处理,使用IDL语言实现Canny算子、中值滤波器和腐蚀算子,完成了对卫星图像中海岸线的自动提取;证明了使用潮位高度与卫星图像结合计算坡度的方法并应用于海岸线位置的校正.     

植被对风沙土风蚀作用的影响

以植物模型、风沙土为实验材料，以风洞模拟实验为研究手段得出初步结论：地表粗糙度为植被特征参数的函数，随植被盖度的增加呈幂函数增加；随植被作用区面积蛎呈线性增加；与行状植物的排列方向和主风向夹角的平方根成正比。在盖度相同的条件下，均匀分布较丛状分布可产生较大的粗糙度。风蚀率随植被盖度的减少呈指数增加。植被盖度对风沙土风蚀作用的影响可划分为３种程度类型：大于６０％为轻度风蚀和无风蚀。６０％￣２０％为中     

"磁种-高梯度磁分离"污水除磷技术的研究

通过添加磁种和混凝剂,用高梯度磁分离方法去除污水中正磷酸盐污染物,并对工艺参数进行了探讨.     

Study on the concentration distribution in a trapezoidal open-channel flow with a side discharge

The number and distribution of pollutant concentration in a trapezoidal open channel flow with a side discharge is calculated and effects of the bank gradient are investigated in this paper. A sigma-coordinate water quality numerical model is used to simulate the process of both water and pollutant transportation in the trapezoidal channel open flow. The diffusion coefficient used in the prediction is determined by two methods including constant coefficient and the depth-averaged k-epsilon turbulence closure model. The change of the concentration with the bank gradient is acquired based on the simulation of cases with different bank gradients. An analytical formula is derived by using the mirror image method and related diffusion theories, ignoring the discharge momentum and the influence of the opposite bank. The formula can predict the number and distribution of pollutant concentration with some acceptable errors. The results demonstrate that the bank gradient has great influence on the concentration distribution which will decrease with the increase of the bank gradient approximately following a hyperbolic law.     

Distribution of plants differing in attitude toward thermal conditions in communities of the timberline ecotone on Mount Iremel’, the Southern Urals

Specific features in the distribution of plant species differing in their attitude toward thermal conditions have been studied in communities of the present-day timberline ecotone on Mount Iremel’ in the Southern Urals. It has been shown that the distribution of such species is characterized by significant spatial nonuniformity. Elevation above sea level, local conditions in habitats located at the same altitudinal level, and specific features of mountain slopes account for 13–84, 5–30, and 0.4–14% of the total variance of test parameters, respectively. The abundance of plants changes nonlinearly along the altitudinal gradient, whereas changes in the species diversity of different plant groups have an almost linear pattern. Marked differences between plant communities with respect to the proportions of species differently responding to changes in thermal conditions have been revealed on all slopes in the upper part of the timberline ecotone, upon transition from the slopes proper to the plateau-like areas of intermontane depressions.     

Elevation-dependent genetic variation of plants and seed embryos in the Crimea Mountain population of Pinus pallasiana D. Don

In the Crimea Mountain population of Pinus pallasiana D. Don, the genetic structure of adult plants and embryos was studied along an elevation gradient (150, 400, 600, and 900 m a.s.l.). Ten polymorphic loci of six enzyme systems were examined. The degree of differentiation of plants from different elevations and their progeny with respect to genetic structure proved to be low, indicating the absence of strict isolation barriers that would interfere with gene flow along the elevation gradient.