石油类污染物在砂砾石层中的迁移与分布

利用静态模拟实验研究河滩砂砾石对油类的静态吸附特性,确定平稳吸附等温方程。通过土柱实验模拟油类在砂砾石中的迁移过程,建立油类在砂砾石层中迁移的数学模拟模型,确定模型参数,以此预测油类砂砾石中的迁移。     

浆固碎石桩荷载传递特性试验与数值分析

通过室内模型试验,对浆固碎石桩这一新型桩基技术的承载性状、荷载传递特性进行了探讨。试验结果显示,浆固碎石桩极限承载力明显大于桩底注浆桩和素混凝土桩的极限承载力,说明浆固碎石桩中水泥砂浆胶结桩侧泥皮和桩底沉渣改善了桩侧摩阻和端阻能力。通过对模型桩P—S关系、桩端阻力Q_p—P关系的分析,初步了解了浆固碎石桩在竖向荷载作用下的承载性状,同时给出了浆固碎石桩的端阻力及侧摩阻力的提高系数。在此基础上,利用Flac~(3D)三维有限差分软件对模型试验进行计算分析,进一步研究浆固碎石柱的承载性状,揭示了模型桩受荷后的荷载传递规律。     

浆固碎石桩单桩轴向荷载传递分析

浆固碎石桩是一种新型的桩基技术,已成功应用于铁路、高速公路等工程中。但由于浆固区的存在,浆固碎石桩荷载传递机理的复杂性制约了其发展和工程应用。荷载传递分析法是桩荷载传递机理分析的重要方法之一。本文采用线性弹塑性和双折线传递函数,分别模拟桩侧土体的非线性和桩端土的硬化特性,同时考虑浆固区存在对桩荷载传递的影响,推导出一种浆固碎石桩单桩荷载传递分析方法。最后,通过对工程实例进行计算,验证了本文计算方法的实用性。结果表明,浆固碎石桩除具有一般刚性桩的桩体置换作用外,浆固区的存在对提高浆固碎石桩承载力、减小沉降量也有着重要作用。     

地基液化导致沉箱码头破坏及地基加固方法的非线性数值分析

地震作用引发的地基液化,往往导致沉箱基础的破坏。本文基于Biot两相饱和多孔介质动力耦合理论,采用FE-FD耦合数值分析方法,对液化海床沉箱基础的地震反应进行非线性有效应力分析。在数值分析过程中,建立了以土骨架位移和超静孔隙水压力表达的us-pw动力固结方程和循环弹塑性本构模型,该方法能够很好地模拟地震作用下沉箱码头的动力特性及液化破坏的影响。通过数值模拟计算,分析了采用碎石桩进行置换砂区域的防液化加固方法,并就碎石桩处理区域的选择提出了建议。     

水上振动沉管碎石桩施工关键技术应用

针对振动沉管碎石桩水上施工应用少、合适船机设备少、桩身质量控制难等问题,通过改造施工船机设备,优化关键技术参数和施工工艺,依托具体工程开展现场研究。采用三管式碎石桩船,研发了大开度活瓣钢桩靴,配置沉桩定位及视频监控系统实现施工过程的可视化;碎石添加采用干法填料、管身开孔润料、提升过程不留振的工艺,可顺利拔管成桩;采用皮带机供料、计量斗计量、提升斗运输的一体化加料工艺,碎石填料可精确控制。结果表明:通过将桩间距2.3 m 分别调整为桩间距2.4 m、排间距2.18 m 和桩间距2.1 m、排间距2.5 m,整个桩身分为三段,并控制平均拔管速度为1.5 m/min,充盈系数采用1.38,合理分批次加料、干法填料,两次留振时间分别控制在20 s和60 s等措施,经重型动力触探法检测,表层2 m 锤击数平均值为8.3,2 m 以下锤击数平均值为11.2,满足表层2 m 的碎石桩重型动力触探锤击数达到7击以上,2 m 以下贯入10 cm 锤击数不小于10击的设计要求。     

浆固碎石桩成桩注浆渗透影响分析

浆固碎石桩作为一种新型软土地基处理技术,其主要通过注浆改善桩体的加固效果,同时通过浆体渗透来改善桩周土体的物理力学性质,从而减小浆固碎石桩复合地基沉降。针对浆体对桩周土体的渗透作用,按照平面轴对称问题,推导出注浆渗透影响范围的计算方法和浆固区压缩模量计算公式,并通过室内模型试验研究,验证了浆固区压缩模量计算公式的正确性。随后,利用数值计算分析,对浆固区影响范围进行量化分析,并通过数值拟合得到了考虑注浆渗透影响的桩体等效半径计算公式。所得结果对工程设计具有重要的指导意义。     

APPLICATION OF THE PEBBLE COUNT NOTES ON PURPOSE,METHOD, AND VARIANTS1

ABSTRACT: The pebble count procedure (Wolman, 1954) is the measurement of 100 randomly selected stones from a homogeneous population on a river bed or bar, which yields reproducible size distribution curves for surficial deposits of gravel and cobbles. The pebble count is widely used in geomorphologr (and increasingly in river engineering) to characterize surficial grain size distributions in lieu of bulk samples, for which adequate sample sizes become enormous for gravels. Variants on the original method have been proposed, one of which, the so-called ‘zig-zag’ method (Bevenger and King, 1995), involves sampling along a diagonal line and drawing data points from many different geomorphic units. The method is not reproducible, probably because it incorporates stones from many different populations, and because an inadequate number of grains is sampled from any given population. Sampling of coarse bed material should be geomorphically stratified based on the natural sorting of grain sizes into distinct channel features. If a composite grain size is desired, the areas of the bed occupied by different populations can be mapped, pebble counts conducted on each, and a weighted average distribution computed.     

LAKE SHORE PROTECTION AGAINST WIND-GENERATED WAVES1

ABSTRACT: A method is reported for estimating the height of wind waves in any lake for a given wind condition. Maximum wind speeds from five climatological stations in and around Ilinois for the period of 1950–1972 were analyzed and the maximum wind speed for various durations and return periods were presented. Statistical analysis of wind wave data collected from Carlyle Lake indicated the Rayleigh distribution fitted the wave height distribution reasonably well and that the nondimensional energy spectra followed the (f/f_m)^-5 rule in the equilibrium range of frequencies. From a consideration of various forces and physical properties of riprap particles and water, a relationship was developed to estimate the stable weight of riprap particles. A practical design criteria is proposed to stabilize lake shores against wind waves.     

张八岭变质岩中线理构造研究

作者等在张八岭地区开展1：5万区域地质调查工作过程中，针对测区内广泛分布的中、晚元古代张八岭岩群等岩层内普遍发育的矿物拉伸线理．砾石压扁拉长定向排列、S1与S2两级面理构成的交线和褶纹线理构造进行了专门测量与研究。然后，依据所测数值分别作了线理平面分布图和产状综合统计图；据图示和综合产状统计、解析．再结合野外观察结果．分别论述每一种线理构造发育特点、产出状态、优选定向组合等特征．从而进一步判别动力作用方式及线理构造最终定位机制。并通过对线理构造系统研究．理顺了它们形成的先后序次关系。     

Lateral Hyporheic Zone Chemistry in an Artificially Constructed Gravel Bar and a Re‐Meandered Stream Channel,Southern Ontario,Canada1

Abstract: The effect of stream restoration on hyporheic functions has been neglected, although channel rehabilitation projects have a potential to alter stream‐ground‐water interactions. The present study examined the effect of an artificially constructed gravel bar and re‐meandered stream channel on lateral hyporheic exchange flow and chemistry in two lowland N‐rich streams in southern Ontario, Canada. Nitrate concentrations were relatively high, ranging from 0.5 to 1.3 mg N/l in both streams during spring through fall months. However, nitrate concentrations showed a steep decline as stream water entered the gravel bar and the meander bends. Differences between observed and predicted nitrate concentrations based on conservative ion concentration patterns indicated that 40‐100 and 68‐98% of the nitrate entering the hyporheic zone was removed in the gravel bar and meanders, respectively. Rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen concentrations along lateral hyporheic flow paths and denitrifying potentials assayed by the acetylene block technique in hyporheic sediments suggests that denitrification was an important mechanism of nitrate depletion. Despite the high rate of nitrate removal, the flux of stream water laterally entering the constructed gravel bar and meander bends was very small, and hyporheic nitrate removal was <0.015% of the daily stream load during base‐flow periods in summer and fall. The effects of restoration projects on hyporheic zone dynamics are often limited in lowland streams by low channel gradients and fine floodplain sediments with low interstitial flows that restrict the magnitude of the stream‐hyporheic connection.