移动式絮凝-气浮集成系统研制及其在城市污染河湖治理中的应用

针对北京城市河湖的污染状况，论述了传统絮凝一气浮工艺在污染治理中的应用研究及以该工艺为基础的集成系统的开发。结果表明，该系统对TP、COD去除率分别达81％和75％。该系统的研制成功为城市河湖的污染治理开辟了新途径。     

季节性河流对下穿地铁隧道结构影响研究

为研究季节性河流的周期丰水与枯水作用对下穿该河床的地铁隧道结构的影响,以某区间隧道下穿浑河河床为工程背景,研究并预测了2012年4月到2022年4月的丰水与枯水周期变化过程中,水体重力作用对隧道管片应力应变的累积影响。利用基于三维显式有限差分法的计算工具Flac-3D,对上述周期变化过程进行了建模,并对隧道结构受到的应力应变影响进行了模拟。结果表明,隧道的长期沉降停止于2014年4月,隧道竖直方向受力稳定于2013年4月。稳定后,隧道沉降量对周期性丰枯作用的响应程度与监测点到河床中心位置的距离成正比,分别为0、1.3%、1.8%;周期性丰枯作用对所有监测点附近区域的竖直受力影响都很大,约为21.7%。     

INFLUENCE OF TWO WOODY RIPARIAN SPECIES ON CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR STREAMBANK STABILITY: UPPER TRUCKEE RIVER,CALIFORNIA1

Over the past 35 years, a trend of decreasing water clarity has been documented in Lake Tahoe, attributable in part to the delivery of fine grained sediment emanating from upland and channel erosion. A recent study showed that the Upper Truckee River is the single largest contributor of sediment to Lake Tahoe, with a large proportion of the sediment load emanating from streambanks. This study combines field data with numerical modeling to identify the critical conditions for bank stability along an unstable reach of the Upper Truckee River, California. Bank failures occur during winter and spring months, brought on by repeated basal melting of snow packs and rain‐on‐snow events. Field studies of young lodgepole pines and Lemmon's willow were used to quantify the mechanical, hydrologic, and net effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Lemmon's willow provided an order of magnitude more root reinforcement (5.5 kPa) than the lodgepole pines (0.5 kPa); the hydrologic effects of the species varied spatially and temporally and generally were of a smaller magnitude than the mechanical effects. Overall, Lemmon's willow provided a significant increase in bank strength, reducing the frequency of bank failures and delivery of fine grained sediment to the study reach of the Upper Truckee River.     

WATERSHED SCALE INVENTORY OF EXISTING RIPARIAN BUFFERS IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI USING GIS1

An observational study was conducted at the watershed scale using land cover (vegetation) data to assess the absence or presence of riparian buffers in three northeastern Missouri watersheds. Forests and grasslands lying within a 61 m (200 ft) parallel band directly adjacent to streams were considered “buffers” for improving or protecting water quality and were characterized according to their length, width, and vegetation type. Results indicated that riparian buffers were abundant throughout the watersheds but were typically narrow along first‐order and second‐order streams; in many cases they may not have been wide enough to provide adequate stream protection. At least 90 percent of all streams had buffer vegetation immediately adjacent to the streambanks, but as few as 31 percent of first‐order streams had buffers extending to 61 m from the stream on at least one side. On‐site evaluations are needed to determine the condition of these forests and grasslands and their ability to process nonpoint source pollutants. The results will be useful for providing natural resource managers with knowledge of current watershed conditions as well as in identifying specific locations for future conservation efforts within each watershed.     

枯水期环太湖河流溶解态重金属空间分布

文章以环太湖53条出入湖河流为研究对象,测定2009年12月至2010年3月间(枯水季节)溶解态重金属含量,结果表明Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、As等六种重金属溶解态浓度含量均较低,且未超标.将53条河流出入湖区域分为无锡常州区、宜兴区、湖州区、苏州区四个区域,无锡常州区除Cd外,其它重金属含量最高;Cd在宜兴区含量...     

造纸废水污染物对辽河水质的影响分析

介绍了辽河流域造纸废水污染的历史概况和治理现状,通过对造纸企业停产整顿前后河流水质变化的对比分析,论证了辽河流域造纸废水入河污染物对河流水质的显著影响。并进一步探讨了造纸废水污染的防治对策。     

南四湖入湖重点污染河流筛选与水环境问题分析

根据南四湖主要河流入湖口水质空间分布监测数据,按平均综合污染指数〖WTBX〗Pj〖WTBZ〗＞2的标准共筛选出洸府河和薛城小沙河等17条重污染河流,这些河流CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染贡献率平均值依次为455%、763%、86.4%,说明南四湖TN和TP主要来自于重污染河流, CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染分担率平均值依次为22.7%、15.4%、61.9%,说明南四湖的首要入湖污染物是TN,其次是CODcr和TP。给出了南四湖湖东区入湖河口NH3 N与TN的线性回归方程,受湖西与湖东地形地势、河流形态、水力停留时间以及水体中pH、SS、叶绿素a等多种因素的影响,湖西比湖东河流的硝化过程较完全,湖西区和湖东区入湖河口氨氮与总氮的平均比值分别为025和065。分析表明,重污染河流的汇水区域一般都在主要城镇和工矿区分布,CODcr和氮污染物主要来自于工业和城市生活等点污染源,磷污染物主要来自于部分工业行业。因此,加强南四湖流域的工业结构调整、重点企业截污和城市污水处理厂脱氮除磷等点源控制措施仍是重中之重。     

潜流-表面流复合人工湿地的河道水质净化效果

针对太湖流域的小河道水环境污染普遍较重的现状,结合潜流和表面流人工湿地系统技术的优点,设计并制作了阶梯式的复合人工湿地系统,前端采用潜流,后端采用表面流,试验区种植密度为25株/m2的茭草,研究其组合工艺对河道水质的净化效果,以期为河道人工湿地的设置提供技术参数。结果表明,复合人工湿地系统具有较强的污染物去除能力,HRT为3.4d时,7—12月对TN、TP、NH+4-N和高锰酸盐指数的平均去除率分别达到了64.3%、63.9%、74.6%、51.1%,较同期相同HRT下潜流人工湿地去除率分别提高了12.1、10.6、1.8、5.1百分点。其中,前端0.25距离分数的去除率占各自总去除率的74.5%～91.2%。     

巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷的形态分级研究

为识别巢湖流域污染物的特征、来源及其沉积物有机磷各形态分布与富营养化的关系,测定了7条巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态的含量,分析不同污染类型人湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态分布的差异及与其他因素间的相关性。研究发现,不同污染类型人湖河流沉积物中水土保持控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序为残渣态Po〉富里酸-Po〉HCl-Po〉胡敏酸-Po〉NaHCO3-Po,平均的相对比例为7．5：3．1：1．9：1．5：1．0,而城市污染控制型和面源污染控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序恰好相同,面源污染控制型河流沉积物Po各形态含量低于城市污染控制型和水土保持控制型河流。中活性P。和OM、TP、Pi、Po、TN、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOH—Pi呈正相关,非活性Po与Po、NaOH-Pi呈显著正相关关系,反映了中活性Po很容易转化为生物可利用磷和非活性Po,且非活性Po仍然具有潜在的生物活性。     

Apportionment of bioavailable phosphorus loads entering Cayuga Lake,New York

The integration of the phosphorus (P) bioavailability concept into a P loading analysis for Cayuga Lake, New York, is documented. Components of the analyses included the: (1) monitoring of particulate P (PP), soluble unreactive P (SUP), and soluble reactive P (SRP), supported by biweekly and runoff event‐based sampling of the lake's four largest tributaries; (2) development of relationships between tributary P concentrations and flow; (3) algal bioavailability assays of PP, SUP, and SRP from primary tributaries and the three largest point sources; and (4) development of P loading estimates to apportion contributions according to individual nonpoint and point sources, and to represent the effects of interannual variations in tributary flows on P loads. Tributary SRP, SUP, and PP are demonstrated to be completely, mostly, and less bioavailable, respectively. The highest mean bioavailability for PP was observed for the stream with the highest agriculture land use. Point source contributions to the total bioavailable P load (BAP_L) are minor (5%), reflecting the benefit of reductions from recent treatment upgrades. The BAP_L represented only about 26% of the total P load, because of the large contribution of the low bioavailable PP component. Most of BAP_L (>70%) is received during high flow intervals. Large interannual variations in tributary flow and coupled BAP_L will tend to mask future responses to changes in individual inputs.