北京市通州区河流中微塑料组成的空间分布及潜在来源解析

微塑料既是一种新兴污染物,还能作为载体吸附污染物,对河流等生态系统构成了威胁.但目前针对我国北方河流中微塑料污染问题的研究鲜见.基于对北京市通州区内6条河流共19个点位的水样采集和分析,研究了微塑料的组成及空间分布特征,并揭示了微塑料的潜在来源.结果表明,微塑料在所有点位上的检出率为100%,其中小中河中微塑料的平均丰度是所有河流中最高的(3.50×10⁴ n·m^-3),是运潮减河中平均丰度的4.04倍.粒径上,90.49%微塑料的粒径小于2 000μm,且仅在2个点位上监测到了粒径大于4 000μm的微塑料.微塑料呈现出纤维状、薄膜状、碎片状和颗粒状等4种形态,其中纤维状的微塑料占比最高（90.23%）.微塑料以透明色和蓝色为主,共占比84.29%.人造丝的占比最高,且在各点位上的占比都在66.67%以上,而其他成分微塑料的分布在不同点位上存在较大的差异.无论是微塑料丰度还是成分种类,河流上游均高于下游.根据微塑料的形状、成分、颜色和丰度的空间特征,解析了不同类型微塑料的来源.对于河流中占比最高的纤维状微塑料,其主要来源可能为服装洗涤、渔具...     

水环境中PFOA和PFOS的质量浓度分布及其生态毒性

全氟辛酸类物质（PFOA）以及全氟辛烷磺酸类物质（PFOS）是不易降解、具有持久性的污染物,环境中存在的这些痕量物质对水生生物和人体造成潜在威胁.根据目前国内外已有的研究结果,系统论述了水环境中PFOA和PFOS的来源、毒性及其在部分国家和地区的污水处理厂、湖泊、河流、海岸带以及自来水中的污染现状.根据德国对污水处理厂...     

2007年环胶州湾入海河流污染状况和污染物入海通量分析

根据2007年入胶州湾的7条主要河流入海断面水体污染物调查资料,分析了各条河流的水质状况,并计算了COD、氨氮、总磷和油类等污染物的入海通量。结果表明,7条河流入海断面的水质均属于劣V类,而丰水期水质较好,枯水期和平水期水质相对较差;各河流的首要污染物不同,其中,板桥坊河为COD,海泊河、李村河与楼山河为氨氮,墨水河与镰湾河为油类,大沽河为总磷。从入海通量来看,大沽河、海泊河和墨水河的COD排海通量较大,约占7条河流排海总量70％左右;李村河、海泊河与墨水河的氨氮排海通量较大,约占7条河流排海总量的70％以上,对于总磷,大沽河排放量最大,约占7条河流排海总量的70％以上,对于油类,墨水河、李村河与大沽河排放量较大,占7务河流排海总量的70％以上。最后在分析各河流污染物来源的基础上,初步提出了防治水污染的相应对策和建议。     

生物监测在跨界河流中的应用进展

综合分析了生物监测在跨界河流流经国家间的协调管理、生物类群的选择以及监测技术的选择方面所面临的问题;选择欧洲多瑙河、亚洲湄公河以及非洲尼日尔河等跨界河流作为典型案例,对比分析使用不同生物类群(例如底栖动物、浮游藻类以及鱼类)进行跨界河流生物监测的技术方法,阐述了跨界生物监测项目中的资金来源、管理办法和运行机制等;并对未来的跨界河流生物监测提出建议,以期为中国的跨界河流生物监测提供实践依据。     

凤眼莲在城市重污染河道修复中的应用

外港河是秦淮河重要支流,长期以来遭受严重污染。2006年4月份起对外港河进行了综合生态治理。在前期清淤和截污的基础上,7月份开始引种凤眼莲。在上游排污口附近和外港河河口段分别设置的4个生态区以及河面上布设的水面载体内全面放养以凤眼莲为主的浮水植物。经过5个多月的初步治理,外港河水体透明度从40 cm以下提高到120 cm左右,COD下降了70.4％,TSS、TN和NH₃-N分别下降了39.6％、49.7％和21.8％。结果证明,凤眼莲在净化严重污染的河道方面起到了良好的效果,引种凤眼莲治理城市重污染河道是切实可行的;此外,用PVC管设计制作的水面载体来放养浮水植物可以点缀水面环境,美化城市河道景观。     

2005年夏季环渤海16条主要入海河流的污染状况

2005-07-01～2005-07-05对环渤海的黄河等16条主要河流的入海污染同步调查显示,13条河流断面的水质属于Ⅳ类以上,其中子牙新河等8条河流水质属于劣Ⅴ类,通过污染分担率分析,环渤海河流的首要污染物为石油类（11条河流）,其次为营养盐,高锰酸盐指数仅位居第3.采用综合营养状态指数法评价,大辽河、黄河等7条河流处于富营养状态,而小清河、蓟运河等7条河流处于重度富营养状态,可见环渤海河流的富营养化现象非常严重.有机污染物的调查显示,16条河流断面采样点TOC的平均值为16 .41 mg/L,高锰酸盐指数的平均值为6 .04 mg/L,其中易降解有机物所占比例平均为15 .61%,表明虽然环渤海16条河流中的化学需氧有机物质的污染严重,但总有机物的入海通量更大,这一点必须引起足够的重视.     

Water quality in the Tibetan Plateau: metal contents of four selected rivers

The water used by 85% of the Asian population originates in Tibetan Plateau. During April and May of 2006, water samples were collected from four major Asian rivers in the Plateau (i.e. the Salween, Mekong, Yangtze River and Yarlung Tsangpo) and analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mo, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Li, Mn, Al, Fe, Mg and Hg. The results showed that elements such as Mg were rather high in Tibetan rivers, giving a mean electrical conductance of 36 mS/m. In a few locations, the results also showed relatively high concentrations of Al and Fe (>1 mg/L). However, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Cr were generally low. Contamination with Pb was identified at a few locations in the Salween and Ni at a few sites in the Yangtze River.     

Improved Bankfull Discharge Prediction Using 2‐Year Recurrence‐Period Discharge1

Abstract:  Knowledge of bankfull discharge (Q_bf) is essential for planners, engineers, geomorphologists, environmentalists, agricultural interests, developments situated on flood prone lands, surface mining and reclamation activities, and others interested in floods and flooding. In conjunction with estimating Q_bf, regionalized bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships, which relate Q_bf and associated channel dimensions (i.e., width, depth, and cross‐section area) to drainage basin area (A_da), are often used. This study seeks to improve upon the common practice of predicting Q_bf using A_da exclusively. Specifically, we hypothesize that predictions of Q_bf can be improved by including estimates of the 2‐year recurrence‐period discharge (Q₂) in regression models for predicting Q_bf. For testing this hypothesis, we used Q_bf estimates from 30 reports containing data for streams that span 34 hydrologic regions in 16 states. Corresponding values of Q₂ and A_da were compiled from flood‐frequency reports and other sources. By comparing statistical measures (i.e., root mean squared error, coefficient of determination, and Akaike’s information criterion), we determined that predicting Q_bf from Q₂ rather than A_da yields consistently better estimates of Q_bf. Other principal findings are (1) data are needed for at least 12 sites in a region for reliable hydraulic geometry model selection and (2) an approximate range of values for Q_bf/Q₂ is 0.10‐3.0.     

Institutions for Interstate Water Resources Management1

Abstract:  This paper evaluates alternative approaches to management of interstate water resources in the United States (U.S.), including interstate compacts, interstate associations, federal‐state partnerships, and federal‐interstate compacts. These governance structures provide alternatives to traditional federalism or U.S. Supreme Court litigation for addressing problems that transcend political boundaries and functional responsibilities. Interstate compacts can provide a forum for ongoing collaboration and are popular mechanisms for allocating water rights among the states. Federal‐interstate compacts, such as the Delaware River Basin Compact and federal‐state partnerships, such as the National Estuary Program, are also effective and complementary approaches to managing water resources. However, all of these approaches can only make modest improvements in managing water resources given the complicated and fragmented nature of our federalist system of government.     

Relative Effects of Climate and Water Use on Base‐Flow Trends in the Lower Klamath Basin1

Abstract: Since the 1940s, snow water equivalent (SWE) has decreased throughout the Pacific Northwest, while water use has increased. Climate has been proposed as the primary cause of base‐flow decline in the Scott River, an important coho salmon rearing tributary in the Klamath Basin. We took a comparative‐basin approach to estimating the relative contributions of climatic and non‐climatic factors to this decline. We used permutation tests to compare discharge in 5 streams and 16 snow courses between “historic” (1942‐1976) and “modern” (1977‐2005) time periods, defined by cool and warm phases, respectively, of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. April 1 SWE decreased significantly at most snow courses lower than 1,800 m in elevation and increased slightly at higher elevations. Correspondingly, base flow decreased significantly in the two streams with the lowest latitude‐adjusted elevation and increased slightly in two higher‐elevation streams. Base‐flow decline in the Scott River, the only study stream heavily utilized for irrigation, was larger than that in all other streams and larger than predicted by elevation. Based on comparison with a neighboring stream draining wilderness, we estimate that 39% of the observed 10 Mm³ decline in July 1‐October 22 discharge in the Scott River is explained by regional‐scale climatic factors. The remainder of the decline is attributable to local factors, which include an increase in irrigation withdrawal from 48 to 103 Mm³/year since the 1950s.