反应气氛对绿色合成纳米铁的组分及其活性的影响

成本低廉和无二次污染的"绿色"合成纳米材料是发展原位纳米环境修复技术的前沿研究课题之一.本文以绿茶提取液为还原剂和稳定剂进行"绿色"合成纳米铁,探讨在不同的气氛下"绿色"合成的纳米铁颗粒的主要成分,以期为调控合成纳米铁系材料提供基础研究.首先,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等表征手段对不同反应气氛下合成的纳米铁颗粒的表面微观形貌、尺寸和价态结构进行分析.结果发现,在通入N2情况下,合成的纳米铁颗粒粒径为(84.7±11.5)nm,其主要成分以纳米零价铁为主;在通入空气情况下,合成的纳米铁粒径为(117.8±26.2)nm,其主要成分是纳米零价铁、氧化铁和四氧化三铁的混合物;通入O2时,合成的纳米铁粒径为(141.2±26.3)nm,其主要成分以四氧化三铁为主.其次,评价在不同气氛条件下合成纳米铁颗粒对去除亚甲基蓝(MB)的反应活性.结果表明,在反应温度313 K下降解初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的MB溶液,反应5 min时已达到平衡,通入N2合成的纳米铁降解MB,去除率高达98.7%,而通入O2合成的纳米铁反应效率低,对MB的去除率仅为65.3%.最后,从以上发现提出不同气氛下可以调控"绿色"合成的铁系纳米材料成分,从而导致不同的纳米修复环境中污染物的能力.     

江苏陆地海岸线绿潮藻种类组成及分布特征

2012年12月—2013年5月对江苏启东蒿枝港至连云港西大堤长约730 km岸线内的69个岸滩堤坝站点进行了绿潮藻种类组成及数量分布调查.结果表明:绿潮藻出现的站点占总设置站点的26.09%,出现绿潮藻岸线长度约占整个江苏调查岸线长度的22.83%;岸滩上绿潮藻主要生长在沿岸石堤、养殖围坝和植被较浅相对稀疏的草滩上,绿潮藻种类组成主要有浒苔(Ulva prolifera)、曲浒苔(Ulva flexuosa)和缘管浒苔(Ulva linza).1—3月浒苔为主要优势种,4—5月曲浒苔为主要优势种,缘管浒苔在历次调查中其湿重生物量均很低.5月岸滩上固着绿潮藻量约36.7 t,不及海上飘来附着在岸滩上绿潮藻量的1/10,岸滩上固着绿潮藻中浒苔的量约为同期海上飘来浒苔湿重生物量的0.6%,岸滩堤坝不会是引起绿潮暴发的主要源头.     

Could wastewater analysis be a useful tool for China? — A review

Analysingwastewater samples is an innovative approach that overcomesmany limitations of traditional surveys to identify and measure a range of chemicals that were consumed by or exposed to people living in a sewer catchment area. First conceptualised in 2001, much progress has been made to make wastewater analysis (WWA) a reliable and robust tool for measuring chemical consumption and/or exposure. At the moment, the most popular application of WWA, sometimes referred as sewage epidemiology, is to monitor the consumption of illicit drugs in communities around the globe, including China. The approach has been largely adopted by lawenforcement agencies as a device tomonitor the temporal and geographical patterns of drug consumption. In the future, themethodology can be extended to other chemicals including biomarkers of population health (e.g. environmental or oxidative stress biomarkers, lifestyle indicators or medications that are taken by different demographic groups) and pollutants that people are exposed to (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perfluorinated chemicals, and toxic pesticides). The extension of WWA to a huge range of chemicals may give rise to a field called sewage chemical-information mining (SCIM) with unexplored potentials. China has many densely populated cities with thousands of sewage treatment plants which are favourable for applying WWA/SCIM in order to help relevant authorities gather information about illicit drug consumption and population health status. However, there are some prerequisites and uncertainties of the methodology that should be addressed for SCIM to reach its full potential in China.     

Mercury levels and estimated total daily intakes for children and adults from an electronic waste recycling area in Taizhou, China: Key role of rice and fish consumption

In order to assess the potential health risks of Hg pollution, total mercury (T–Hg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in air, dust, surface soil, crops, poultry, fish and human hair samples from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area in Taizhou, China. High concentrations of T–Hg and MeHg were found in these multiple matrices, and the mean concentration was 30.7 ng/m³ of T–Hg for atmosphere samples, 3.1 μg/g of T–Hg for soil, 37.6 μg/g of T–Hg for dust, 20.3 ng/g of MeHg for rice and 178.1 ng/g of MeHg for fish, suggesting that the e-waste recycling facility was a significant source of Hg. The inorganic Hg (I–Hg) levels (0.84 μg/g) in hair samples of e-waste workers were much higher than that in the reference samples. Pearson''s correlation coefficients showed that strong positive correlations (p < 0.01) between hair I–Hg and time staying in industrial area (r = 0.81) and between MeHg and fish consumption frequency (r = 0.91), imply that workers were mainly exposed to Hg vapor through long-time inhalation of contaminated air and dust, while other population mainly exposed to MeHg through high-frequency fish consumption. The estimated daily intakes of Hg showed that dietary intake was the major Hg exposure source, and Hg intakes from rice and fish were significantly higher than from any other foods. The estimated total daily intakes (TDIs) of MeHg for both children (696.8 ng/(kg·day)) and adults (381.3 ng/(kg·day)) greatly exceeded the dietary reference dose (RfD) of 230 ng/(kg·day), implying greater health risk for humans from Hg exposures around e-waste recycling facilities.     

基于改进灰色关联分析法在居民环境消费结构中的研究

依据平顶山市2005年-2012年的统计年鉴,平顶山市居民环境人均消费性数据,选取食品、衣着、居住、家庭设备用品及服务、医疗保健、交通和通信、教育文化娱乐服务、杂项商品及服务八大类,将改进的灰色关联度分析方法和综合评价模型相结合,建立灰色关联度分析模型,对平顶山市居民环境结构关系进行分析.结果表明:教育文化娱乐环境服务的关联性最高,食品、交通通信、居住医疗保健、衣着、家庭设备用品及服务、杂项商品和服务环境位居其后.     

下凹式绿地在降雨径流控制中的应用研究

下凹式绿地具有蓄渗雨水、削减洪峰流量、净化雨水、防止土壤侵蚀等优点,且投资少,是一种能同时满足环境、生态、经济等多重效应的新型雨水利用措施;它的应用将有效缓解城市水资源匮乏和降雨地表径流造成的面源污染,同时能在一定程度上防止城市内涝.在介绍下凹式绿地对降雨径流控制的基础上,着重综述了下凹式绿地对雨水的蓄渗、净化作用及其设计方面的研究进展.     

Energy consumption,emissions and economic growth in Bahrain

This study examines the Granger causality relationships between economic growth, energy consumption and emissions, from 1980 to 2007 in Bahrain, controlling for capital and urban population using Toda and Yamamoto’s approach. It was found that there is unilateral causality which runs from urban population, economic growth, capital and energy consumption to environment. Further, we found strong support for causality running from economic growth to energy consumption, emissions and capital. The existence of these linkages suggests that the government of Bahrain may pursue energy efficiency strategies and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth. Additionally, the long run pursuit of high economic growth given sustained increases in energy efficiency may also reduce CO₂ emissions intensity per unit of her GDP.     

Environmental Equity and the Role of Public Policy: Experiences in the Rijnmond Region

This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic noise (road, rail, and air), NO₂, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally, we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO₂ are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental “bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental “goods” than lower-income groups.     

中国旅游业绿色发展效率时空演变特征及影响机理

绿色发展是旅游业可持续发展理念的重要组成部分,是旅游业奉行以人为本、生态至上和全面发展的新价值观。在梳理旅游业绿色发展概念及内涵基础上,构建旅游业绿色发展效率评价体系,运用SBM-Undersirable模型、核密度估计、空间马尔科夫链等方法,探讨2008—2018年中国31个省（市、自治区）旅游业绿色发展效率（TGDE）时空演化特征及影响机理。研究发现：（1）时间和空间变化方面,TGDE总体处于中等偏下水平,时间上呈“W”型变化形态,“下降—上升—调整”阶段特征显著;空间呈“东—中—西”递减分布,内部差异为西部地区>东部地区>中部地区,低、中、高效率由“金字塔”向“菱形”结构转变,高效率地区集中于东部沿海,中等效率多分布于中西部地区,低效率位于胡焕庸线两侧。（2）动态演进方面,TGDE始终存在两极分化现象,但区域协调性逐步增强,具有较强平稳性,难以实现跨越式发展,空间向上转移省份比较集中,以中西部为主,向下调整省份较少,且存在明显的空间溢出效应,溢出影响具有不对称性。（3）影响机理方面,总体上,经济水平、产业结构、政府规制、教育水平和旅游资源影响因子与TGDE间存在显著的正向关系,对外开放程度的作用不显著,但各因子的影响程度、作用机理及条件具有较强地域性。     

农业生产转型及其环境效应的研究进展与展望

农业绿色转型已经成为乡村振兴与农业农村深化改革的关键路径,亟待探索农业生产转型与其环境效应的耦合关系与机制,从而推进农业的高质量发展。近年来,学者们基于不同的空间尺度,对农业生产转型及其环境效应的过程、格局、机理与优化调控开展了广泛探讨。为系统梳理该方面研究的相关进展,识别出相应的研究不足,本文采用文献分析与系统归纳相结合的方法,分析了农业生态环境问题的识别、测度与成因等方面的研究态势,从关键要素的视角解析了农业生产转型对生态环境影响的研究进展,并对农业经济增长与农业面源污染和农业生产转型与农业生态效率的相互关系进行了总结。研究指出：未来农业生产转型及其环境效应研究应加强从系统科学的视角解读二者的互馈关系,并关注二者互馈响应的区域异质性,深化基于土地系统科学视角的耕地利用转型的环境影响研究,通过多学科交叉融合加强对中国特色“小农”生产方式转型所引发的环境问题的微观机理探析。