Health risk of arsenic in the alluvial aquifers of Lahore and Raiwind,Punjab Province,Pakistan: an investigation for safer well water

Environmental pollution has generated release of high amounts of arsenic (As) which ultimately are detected in the water of Indus Basin Punjab, Pakistan. The area is characterized by a semiarid climate, and alluvial deposits. This investigation, an extension of previously reported As-affected area in Lahore and Kasur, aimed to (1) assess the extent of water contamination in this area and (2) determine possible safer sites for future water use. In a comparative study, total As contamination of underground water from individual dwellings and community water supply of some villages located at the boundary of the Sheikhopura and Lahore districts, Pakistan were measured to compare with previously published data of villages located at the boundary of the Lahore and Kasur districts. The results showed variable levels of As in shallow drinking water wells and average concentration exceeding WHO guidelines value. As levels ranged from below 5.2 to 80 µg/L and mean 45.5 µg/L. The As concentrations were higher than WHO limits but lower than previous studied area. In addition, high salinity was found to be a serious concern for deteriorating groundwater quality rendering it unsuitable for drinking. Groundwater is predominantly of the Na–HCO₃ type with slightly alkaline pH. High pH values and competition of As with HCO₃ may serve as an important process for mobilization of As in the shallow groundwater of the region. Continuous monitoring and expansion of monitoring systems are necessary to establish safer wells within As-contaminated areas.     

Controls on Temperature in Salmonid‐Bearing Headwater Streams in Two Common Hydrogeologic Settings,Kenai Peninsula,Alaska

Headwater streams are the most numerous in terms of both number and length in the conterminous United States and play important roles as spawning and rearing grounds for numerous species of anadromous fish. Stream temperature is a controlling variable for many physical, chemical, and biological processes and plays a critical role in the overall health and integrity of a stream. We investigated the controls on stream temperature in salmon‐bearing headwater streams in two common hydrogeologic settings on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: (1) drainage‐ways, which are low‐gradient streams that flow through broad valleys; and (2) discharge‐slopes, which are high gradient streams that flow through narrow valleys. We hypothesize local geomorphology strongly influences surface‐water and groundwater interactions, which control streamflow at the network scale and stream temperatures at the reach scale. The results of this study showed significant differences in stream temperatures between the two hydrogeologic settings. Observed stream temperatures were higher in drainage‐way sites than in discharge‐slope sites, and showed strong correlations as a continuous function with the calculated topographic metric flow‐weighted slope. Additionally, modeling results indicated the potential for groundwater discharge to moderate stream temperature is not equal between the two hydrogeologic settings, with groundwater having a greater moderating effect on stream temperature at the drainage‐way sites.     

Estimating Current and Future Groundwater Resources of the Maldives

The water resources of the atolls of the Republic of Maldives are under continual threat from climatic and anthropogenic stresses, including land surface pollution, increasing population, drought, and sea‐level rise (SLR). These threats are particularly acute for groundwater resources due to the small land surface area and low elevation of each island. In this study, the groundwater resources, in terms of freshwater lens thickness, total volume of fresh groundwater, and safe yield are estimated for the 52 most populous islands of the Maldives for current conditions and for the year 2030, with the latter accounting for projected SLR and associated shoreline recession. An algebraic model, designed in previous studies to estimate the lens thickness of atoll islands, is expanded in this study to also estimate volume of groundwater. Results indicate that average current lens thickness, groundwater volume, and per capita safe yield are approximately 4.6 m, 1,300 million liters, and 300 l/day, and that these values will decrease by approximately 10, 11, and 34%, respectively, by the year 2030. Based on results, it is demonstrated that groundwater, in terms of quantity, is a viable source of water for the islands of the Maldives both now and in coming decades, particularly for islands with large surface area and low population. Study results can provide water resource managers and government officials with valuable data for consideration in water security measures.     

贵州地区灰场的地下水污染风险评价—以易家寨灰场为例

贵州地区岩溶发育强烈,地下水环境脆弱。实际工作中进行地下水污染风险评价是可持续发展的重要举措。从地下水保护的角度出发,以贵州西南部某煤电一体化电厂灰场的地下水污染风险评价为例,系统收集了该地区地下水位埋深、含水层介质类型、包气带介质类型、植被分布、污染途径和功能用途等资料。针对贵州特殊岩溶地下水特征及灰场灰渣对地下水环境的影响,建立岩溶地区灰场的地下水污染风险评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定各指标权重,经权重叠加运算得风险性评价结果,从而确定其风险性。实例结果表明该灰场的风险性评价结果为2.7295,风险性低。将层次分析法应用于灰场地下水风险评价为岩溶发育地区的灰场选址和地下水防渗提供参考。     

地下水污染风险评价中特征污染物量化方法探讨

针对地下水污染风险评价中的外界胁迫脆弱性评价缺乏有效量化体系这一问题,通过地下水污染源解析,提出了基于特征污染物及其对应排放量的量化体系;通过特征污染物属性解析及利用层次分析法确定研究侧重点,构建了该体系中的特征污染物量化方法.将该量化方法应用于北京市地下水污染风险评价,结果表明,依据不同研究侧重点得出的3种特征污染物危害性计算结果具有明显差异,并且3种危害性排序与对应的3种属性排序亦存在差异.由此表明,确定研究侧重点的主观倾向对特征污染物危害性计算结果有决定性影响.此外,在计算过程中,以序列值的方式解决3种属性的归一化及不同类别特征污染物属性量化结果的统一,会造成不同特征污染物之间相对属性特征的放大或缩小.     

Thermal evaluation of junction and connection boxes in explosion protection

To reliably avoid potential ignition sources and thus ignition of the potentially explosive atmosphere in junction and connection boxes of type of protection Increased Safety ‘e', the self-heating shall not exceed a specified level depending on the temperature class. For the conformity assessment of such products, complex thermal tests are necessary due to the great variety of mounting types and arrangements of terminal blocks in the enclosure, depending on the enclosure size. These tests are very time-consuming for the manufacturer of junction and connection boxes or for the testing laboratory and are therefore associated with considerable costs. To reduce this effort and to ensure a uniform assessment in the conformity evaluation by a certification body, it is therefore essential to create fitting charts depending on the enclosure size.This work introduces a calculation tool by means of systematic investigations on different enclosure sizes and with different assemblies, which enables the calculation of fitting charts with justifiable effort. For this purpose, the maximum temperature in the enclosure was determined as a function of the current and the assembly at 20 ± 5 °C ambient temperature. From this, electrical and enclosure-specific constants such as the maximum permissible current per conductor and a conductor specific factor were determined and combined with an exponential dependence of the power dissipation. It is shown that this relationship is valid for an overtemperature of 40 K for compliance with temperature class T6 up to an ambient temperature of +40 °C. Finally, to verify the reliability of the calculation tool, the results are compared with the enclosure-specific rated value of the maximum power dissipation according to IEC 60079-7, 5.7.     

基于GIS技术的湛江市区浅层地下水防污性能分析与评价

近年来,随着工业化和城市化进程的加快以及"三废"排放问题的加剧,湛江市区浅层地下水普遍受到了污染。参照DRASTIC方法的基本思路,兼顾多方面因素,选择包气带影响(厚度、岩性、结构)和地形作为评价指标;并借助于GIS技术强大的输入、空间分析及制图功能,对该地区浅层地下水防污性能进行了评价和分区,评价结果与实测NO3-浓度分布状况表现出较好的负相关性,说明浅层地下水防污性能分布图在一定程度上可为该地区政府管理部门制定城市规划、工业布局和地下水资源保护提供决策参考。     

高氟地下水形成的组态分析——以豫东平原区为例

高氟地下水的形成机理研究是目前相关理论研究的关键问题,文章在系统思想指导下将传统的水化学类型分类方法进行改进,以组态分析的方法进行形成机理研究,得出以下结论:(1)高氟地下水的形成是多因子协同作用的结果;(2)作为非线性系统,高氟地下水的形成是个多态问题,就某一个区段而言是一个"暂态",一直处于多态的变化过程中,在此过程中各个因子相互作用形成多组态;(3)Na+>Ca2+型的水化学组态的高氟率(平均51%)明显大于Na+相似文献   

核环境地下水评价源项模型及浓度计算

结合美国地下核试验场公开资料,分析了地下核爆炸的源项核素特征,在源项释放和核素迁移过程概化的基础上,建立以水力释放和玻璃体浸出为主要机制的源项释放浓度计算模式,对3H、90Sr和239Pu释放到地下水的浓度进行了理论计算。结果表明:3H、90Sr和239Pu向地下水的释放是一个连续、缓慢的过程,就核素释放浓度曲线递减程度而言,3H>90Sr>239Pu,但浓度并不是短期内显著降低。在地下水污染安全评价中,应重视源强及其持续时间的分析,以使环境模型能更为合理地反映核素迁移行为。     

盐城地区地下水溶质来源及其成因分析

位于淮河下游典型冲海积平原区的盐城,地下水具有开发利用程度高,浅层水显著咸化的特点.在浅层地下水空间采样的基础上,通过各要素空间分布、Pipper、水化学侵蚀模式和富集因子法,研究离子的主要来源及其成因,探讨人类活动的作用.结果表明:①浅层地下水中溶解性总固体(TDS)范围为211～3790 mg·L-1,其中,微咸水...