矿区地下水监测与预警系统研究——以福建省龙岩市马坑铁矿为例

矿山安全管理部门普遍开展对矿山变形和有害气体的监测,但对地下水监测系统的建设处于起步阶段.福建省龙岩市马坑铁矿率先建立了完善的矿区地下水监测与预警系统,但由于监测数据量大、共享性差,导致管理者无法方便、快捷地选取和使用数据.本文运用计算机技术实现了马坑铁矿地下水监测数据的共享,完善了监测数据的提取和分析功能,并实现了地...     

小流域地下水流微生物空间差异分析

针对目前水文过程中微生物研究基本空白的现状,选择了珠海市近海小流域地下水作采样分析,运用不依赖培养(cultured-independent)的分子生物学分析技术,构建16S rRNA基因文库,研究小流域尺度下微生物的空间分布.实验数据表明,近海小流域地下水上、中、下3组井的微生物优势类群及其丰度既有相似的地方又有差别.相似的是3组井均以变形菌、Candidate divisionOPx、古菌(含泉古菌和广生古菌)、放线菌为优势类群,而且变形菌均占了很大比例,在R、M、D组井中分别为23.21%、36.21%、28.84%;不同的是R组井微生物优势类群还有拟杆菌和硝化螺旋菌;M组井另有真杆菌和酸杆菌,D组井中则以拟杆菌为优势类群.从原核微生物16SrRNA基因系统发育树可以看出,3组井的微生物主要类群大同而小异,各自的微生物多样性比较丰富,3组井的微生物优势类群变化佐证了微生物对地下水环境的生态系统功能有一定的指示作用.     

纳米FeO作用下4-氯酚的脱氯特性及机理

采用化学还原法制备了纳米Fe^O, ESEM测定结果表明其颗粒在1～100 nm内. 实验表明这些纳米Fe^O能在20 h内将初始浓度为20 mg/L的4-氯酚完全降解, Fe^O对4-CP的还原脱氯是主要去除途径. 苯酚是脱氯反应的主要产物. 当4-CP的初始浓度由20　mg/L增大到50, 100, 150　mg/L时, 其相对去除率明显降低, 但绝对降解量有较大提高. 温度不仅影响脱氯速率, 而且影响4-CP去除的途径. 30℃时, 脱氯反应为主要反应; １０℃时, 较易产生氧化产物. Fe原子的迁移过程在4-CP的降解中也是一个重要的限速步骤. 此外, 纳米Fe^O具有很好的稳定性, 在受试的379　h内, 纳米Fe^O能够应对不同浓度冲击及反复投加的4-氯酚冲击的能力.     

大水矿山DGME系统动态随机模型及风险预测

大水矿山由于含水层通常难以疏干,矿山生产常采取边疏干含水层边开采的带压开采方式进行,此类矿山实际开采环境是由排水系统及地下水系统组成,即排水-地下水的开采环境(DrainingGroundwater Mining Environment,DGME)系统。为此,根据系统论的原理,构建了大水矿山排水-地下水开采环境系统动态随机模型,并以模型为基础分析了系统水位随机变化的影响因素。结果表明:1)DGME系统动态随机模型可反映出矿山地下水系统与排水系统之间的相互关系;2)矿山地下水位变化是Wiener过程,臼水位分布符合正态分布,其数字特征取决于系统输入输出流量差的均值及方差;3)系统当前风险状态受短期内系统水位变化影响,超出一定时域,系统风险状态不可预知。     

沧州深层地下水氟的分布及演化规律

氟含量高是沧州深层地下水水化学特征之一。为了反映沧州地区地下水资源量和揭示深层地下水氟的演变机制,本文分析了1980年和2014年沧州地区深层地下水中氟含量变化,研究了深层地下水中氟的分布特征和演化过程。具体使用ArcGIS和PHREEQC软件分别绘制沧州地区深层地下水氟的时空分布图和模拟氟的水文地球化学过程。结果表明沧州地区深层地下水氟浓度水平分布表现为西部最低,中西部和东部沿海次之,中部最高,且在2014年其面积增至约占沧州地区总面积的50%,可直接饮用地下水资源分布面积减少。深层地下水中氟离子浓度逐渐升高,仍来自萤石沿着水流路径、水流方向不断发生溶解反应,且从1980年到2014年仍未达到饱和。预计在深层地下水开采活动下,沧州深层地下水氟含量会继续增加。     

Health risk of arsenic in the alluvial aquifers of Lahore and Raiwind,Punjab Province,Pakistan: an investigation for safer well water

Environmental pollution has generated release of high amounts of arsenic (As) which ultimately are detected in the water of Indus Basin Punjab, Pakistan. The area is characterized by a semiarid climate, and alluvial deposits. This investigation, an extension of previously reported As-affected area in Lahore and Kasur, aimed to (1) assess the extent of water contamination in this area and (2) determine possible safer sites for future water use. In a comparative study, total As contamination of underground water from individual dwellings and community water supply of some villages located at the boundary of the Sheikhopura and Lahore districts, Pakistan were measured to compare with previously published data of villages located at the boundary of the Lahore and Kasur districts. The results showed variable levels of As in shallow drinking water wells and average concentration exceeding WHO guidelines value. As levels ranged from below 5.2 to 80 µg/L and mean 45.5 µg/L. The As concentrations were higher than WHO limits but lower than previous studied area. In addition, high salinity was found to be a serious concern for deteriorating groundwater quality rendering it unsuitable for drinking. Groundwater is predominantly of the Na–HCO₃ type with slightly alkaline pH. High pH values and competition of As with HCO₃ may serve as an important process for mobilization of As in the shallow groundwater of the region. Continuous monitoring and expansion of monitoring systems are necessary to establish safer wells within As-contaminated areas.     

Controls on Temperature in Salmonid‐Bearing Headwater Streams in Two Common Hydrogeologic Settings,Kenai Peninsula,Alaska

Headwater streams are the most numerous in terms of both number and length in the conterminous United States and play important roles as spawning and rearing grounds for numerous species of anadromous fish. Stream temperature is a controlling variable for many physical, chemical, and biological processes and plays a critical role in the overall health and integrity of a stream. We investigated the controls on stream temperature in salmon‐bearing headwater streams in two common hydrogeologic settings on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: (1) drainage‐ways, which are low‐gradient streams that flow through broad valleys; and (2) discharge‐slopes, which are high gradient streams that flow through narrow valleys. We hypothesize local geomorphology strongly influences surface‐water and groundwater interactions, which control streamflow at the network scale and stream temperatures at the reach scale. The results of this study showed significant differences in stream temperatures between the two hydrogeologic settings. Observed stream temperatures were higher in drainage‐way sites than in discharge‐slope sites, and showed strong correlations as a continuous function with the calculated topographic metric flow‐weighted slope. Additionally, modeling results indicated the potential for groundwater discharge to moderate stream temperature is not equal between the two hydrogeologic settings, with groundwater having a greater moderating effect on stream temperature at the drainage‐way sites.     

Estimating Current and Future Groundwater Resources of the Maldives

The water resources of the atolls of the Republic of Maldives are under continual threat from climatic and anthropogenic stresses, including land surface pollution, increasing population, drought, and sea‐level rise (SLR). These threats are particularly acute for groundwater resources due to the small land surface area and low elevation of each island. In this study, the groundwater resources, in terms of freshwater lens thickness, total volume of fresh groundwater, and safe yield are estimated for the 52 most populous islands of the Maldives for current conditions and for the year 2030, with the latter accounting for projected SLR and associated shoreline recession. An algebraic model, designed in previous studies to estimate the lens thickness of atoll islands, is expanded in this study to also estimate volume of groundwater. Results indicate that average current lens thickness, groundwater volume, and per capita safe yield are approximately 4.6 m, 1,300 million liters, and 300 l/day, and that these values will decrease by approximately 10, 11, and 34%, respectively, by the year 2030. Based on results, it is demonstrated that groundwater, in terms of quantity, is a viable source of water for the islands of the Maldives both now and in coming decades, particularly for islands with large surface area and low population. Study results can provide water resource managers and government officials with valuable data for consideration in water security measures.     

贵州地区灰场的地下水污染风险评价—以易家寨灰场为例

贵州地区岩溶发育强烈,地下水环境脆弱。实际工作中进行地下水污染风险评价是可持续发展的重要举措。从地下水保护的角度出发,以贵州西南部某煤电一体化电厂灰场的地下水污染风险评价为例,系统收集了该地区地下水位埋深、含水层介质类型、包气带介质类型、植被分布、污染途径和功能用途等资料。针对贵州特殊岩溶地下水特征及灰场灰渣对地下水环境的影响,建立岩溶地区灰场的地下水污染风险评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定各指标权重,经权重叠加运算得风险性评价结果,从而确定其风险性。实例结果表明该灰场的风险性评价结果为2.7295,风险性低。将层次分析法应用于灰场地下水风险评价为岩溶发育地区的灰场选址和地下水防渗提供参考。     

气相色谱/串联质谱法分析水中痕量酞酸酯

采用C18固相萃取结合气相色谱/三重串联四极杆质谱联用仪建立了地表水中痕量酞酸酯(PAEs)类化合物的分析方法。使用串联质谱特有的多反应监测模式可以很好的去除基质的背景干扰,对列入美国环保局优先控制污染物名单的六种PAEs均实现基线分离,在50～1 000 ng/mL范围内线性良好,6种PAEs的相关系数均大于0.99,加标回收率在89.8%～103.4%之间,方法的精密度较好(RSD<10%)。应用于实际地表水样品中PAEs的分析表明,某市地表水中含有邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯,其中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯含量最高(均值为1.25μg/L),邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯均未检出。