降水入渗补给地下水过程分析

该文总结了降水入渗补给的模式,通过分析活塞式降水入渗、降水入渗补给的滞后和延迟、降水入渗优先补给等,研究了土壤不同岩性、不同埋深、不同降水时段与不同土壤含水量条件下的降水入渗补给过程．图5,表1,参8．     

BRACKISH GROUNDWATER DESALINATION: A COMMUNITY'S SOLUTION TO WATER SUPPLY AND AQUIFER PROTECTION1

The City of Cape May, New Jersey, draws its primary water supply from the Cohansey Aquifer, a unit serving residential, community, and industrial users throughout the Coastal Plain. By the year 2000, projected population growth will impose a peak water demand beyond available supplies. In addition, regional over-pumping threatens the Cohansey with saltwater intrusion, placing the city wells at risk by 1998. In the early-to mid 1990s, three broad categories of water-supply alternatives were evaluated by regional, state, and federal agencies — additional pumping from the Cohansey, conjunctive use of the Cohansey with other aquifers, and desalination of brackish groundwater. An approach was adopted in 1996 which derives up to 2 MGD from desalination of brackish groundwater, with the remaining peak demand satisfied by short-term pumpage from existing wells in the Cohansey. The first of two wells has been completed, yielding 1.4 MGD of brackish groundwater. Similar performance from the second well will exceed the design goal. When the initial system comes on line during the summer of 1998, New Jersey will have its first public water supply derived from desalinated groundwater. The use of desalinated groundwater balances competing demands for water resources in the southern Cape Region of New Jersey, allowing continued economic growth while reducing human impacts on a threatened aquifer.     

RECHARGE TO ALLUVIAL VALLEY AQUIFERS FROM OVERBANK FLOW AND EXCESS INFILTRATION1

ABSTRACT: Recharge is an important parameter for models that simulate water and contaminant transport in unconfined aquifers. Unfortunately, measurements of actual recharge are not usually available causing recharge to be estimated or possibly added to the calibration procedure. In this study, differences between observed water-table elevations and water-table elevations simulated with a model based on the one-dimensional Boussinesq equation were used to identify both the timing and quantity of recharge to an alluvial valley aquifer. Observed water table elevations and river stage data were recorded during a five-year period from 1991 to 1995 at the Ohio Management Systems Evaluation Area located in south-central Ohio. Direct recharge attributed to overbank flow during and shortly after flood conditions accounted for 65 percent of the total recharge computed during the five-year study period. Recharge of excess infiltration to the aquifer was intermittent and occurred soon after large rainfall events and high river stage. Specification of constant recharge with time values in ground-water simulation models seems inappropriate for stream-aquifer systems given the strong influence of the river on water table elevations in these systems.     

雷州半岛地下水水化学特征及成因分析

地下水是雷州半岛的重要供水水源.以雷州半岛地下水为研究对象,采集并测试了47个地下水样品中的常规水化学组分,综合运用Gibbs图解法、Piper三线图、离子比例法等分析方法,研究该区域地下水中主要离子的来源及其控制因素.结果 表明:研究区地下水中主要阳离子和阴离子分别为Na+和HCO3-;浅层孔隙水水化学类型以Cl· ...     

宁夏地区二斑叶螨的寄主植物选择及其季节转移

采用田间系统观察和室内饲养方法,调查并发现宁夏引黄灌区和新垦区二斑叶螨（Tetranychus urticae Koch)为寄主植物88种,其中野生寄主植物59种,栽培寄主29种,垦前荒漠,半荒漠有适宜二斑叶螨生存和繁殖的寄主植物分布,用生命表方法研究了20种主要寄主植物对二斑叶螨实验种群净生殖率（R0)的营养效应,不同寄主植物随季节的变化其营养效应明显不同,对二斑叶螨在这些寄主植物间的季节转移规律研究表明,宁夏农田,以野荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris,小旋花Calystegia hederacea,小蓟Cephalanoplos segetumji,苦苣菜Sonchus brachyotus,车前草Plantago asiatica,蚕豆Vicia foba,大豆Glycine max,玉米Zea mays等一起,构成了有利于二斑叶螨季节转移的寄主体系,分析认为,宁夏麦套玉米间作大豆的耕种模式是二斑叶螨大发生的主要原因之一。     

济南市地下水硝酸盐污染研究

调查了济南市东郊工业区浅层地下水、南部山区补给区地下水及市区饮用水中硝酸盐现状及发展趋势。结果表明,工业区浅层地下水硝酸盐含量超出国家饮用水卫生标准;补给区地下水及市区饮用水硝酸盐也受到人类活动的影响,污染呈逐年上升趋势。分析了造成地下水硝酸盐污染的原因,提出了相应的防治措施与对策。     

Anomalous arsenic concentrations in groundwaters of an island community, Bowen Island, British Columbia

Recently, occurrences of elevated arsenic concentrations in bedrock groundwaters used for individual and municipal water supplies have been recognised along the mainland coast of southern British Columbia, Canada. An area on Bowen Island (Queen Charlotte Heights community) was chosen to investigate the source(s) of arsenic, geochemical processes controlling its aqueous uptake, the role of geology and structure in the formation of these waters, and the use of hydrogeochemical survey methods for detecting arsenious groundwater regions. Pyrite- arsenopyrite-Cu mineralisation in the Queen Charlotte Heights area is present as veins associated with NE-trending fault zones and as disseminations in marginal breccia and stockwork zones of a ryhodacite porphyry stock. Near surface mineralisation was later altered by supergene events to form minor pyrite- arsenopyrite in a matrix of limonite and clay. Geochemical factors that control the concentration and mobility of arsenic in these groundwaters include: (a) anion exchange of arsenic from clay minerals during cation divalent/univalent exchange processes (water softening) which leads to waters of high pH and high anion exchange capacities; (b) desorption of arsenic from Fe and Al oxyhydroxide minerals during pronounced shifts in pH from acid to alkaline conditions brought on by the water softening process; and (c) stepwise oxidation of arsenopyrite mineralisation to form arsenious sulphate-bearing groundwaters. The inconsistent behaviour of the As3+ and As5+ ions during the complex waterrock interaction processes described above, precludes the use of detailed chemical analyses to predict relative abundances of the more toxic As3+ species. For a full appreciation of the toxic impact of groundwaters containing total arsenic concentrations that are above regulatory guidelines an arsenic speciation analysis is required.     

丹阳北庄生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染分析

建立了针对生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染问题的数学预测模型,以丹阳北庄生活垃圾填埋场工程为例,预测和分析了北庄生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液对地下水的污染。     

Hydraulic performance of a proposed in situ photocatalytic reactor for degradation of MTBE in water

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) groundwater remediation projects often require a combination of technologies resulting in increasing the project costs. A cost-effective in situ photocatalytic reactor design, Honeycomb II, is proposed and tested for its efficiency in MTBE degradation at various flows. This study is an intermediate phase of the research in developing an in situ photocatalytic reactor for groundwater remediation. It examines the effect of the operating variables: air and water flow and double passages through Honeycomb II, on the MTBE removal. MTBE vaporisation is affected by not only temperature, Henry’s law constant and air flow to volume ratio but also reactor geometry. The column reactor achieved more than 84% MTBE removal after 8 h at flows equivalent to horizontal groundwater velocities slower than 21.2 cm d⁻¹. Despite the contrasting properties between a photocatalytic indicator methylene blue and MTBE, the reactor efficiency in degrading both compounds showed similar responses towards flow (equivalent groundwater velocity and hydraulic residence time (HRT)). The critical HRT for both compounds was approximately 1 d, which corresponded to a velocity of 21.2 cm d⁻¹. A double pass through both new and used catalysts achieved more than 95% MTBE removal after two passes in 48 h. It also verified that the removal efficiency can be estimated via the sequential order of the removal efficiency of one pass obtained in the laboratory. This study reinforces the potential of this reactor design for in situ groundwater remediation.