扬州市河网大型底栖动物群落结构及其生境特征研究

构建适用于城市大型底栖动物的生境适宜性模型,探究大型底栖动物与生境因子间的响应关系,对城市河流生态系统恢复具有重要指示意义.本文以长江下游北岸扬州市城市河网为研究对象,基于丰水期（2018年8月）和枯水期（2019年1月）的大型底栖动物调查数据,利用典范对应分析与相关性分析筛选城市河网生态健康的关键生境因子,采用GAM模型拟合关键生境因子与大型底栖动物优势种的关系,构建城市大型底栖动物生境特征研究模型.结果表明,本次调查共获得大型底栖动物48个物种,隶属3门6纲13目20科40属,其中,水生昆虫为优势类群,霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）为研究区域优势种.影响优势种霍甫水丝蚓的主要生境因子为溶解氧（DO）、COD_Mn、NH₃-N、电导率（Cond）,当霍甫水丝蚓生境适宜度为1.0时,水体中NH₃-N含量界限值为0.554 mg·L^-1,COD_Mn界限值为2.23 mg·L^-1,DO界限值为7.87 mg·L^-1,Cond界限值为272.5 S·m^-1.GAM模型能识别城市水环境关键问题,有效解释城市大型底栖动物与生境因子间的响应关系,可为城市河网水生态修复提供参考依据.     

典型生物滞留设施重金属累积分布特征与风险评价

采集了停车场、道路旁、居民区及产业园区4种不同用地类型的生物滞留设施的0～10 cm表层土壤,分析了8种重金属污染物（As、 Hg、 Cd、 Cr、 Pb、 Cu、 Ni和Zn）的累积含量,并对重金属累积的影响因素、污染水平、潜在生态风险和人体健康风险进行了分析和评估.结果表明,8种重金属污染物的累积含量存在较大的差异,ω（As）、ω（Hg）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cr）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cu）、ω（Ni）和ω（Zn）的平均值分别为8.92、 0.25、 0.10、 31.56、 14.81、 21.27、 23.69和62.75 mg·kg^-1, As和Hg的含量平均值分别达到了土壤背景值的1.26和5.21倍;相关性分析表明,8种重金属含量均与土壤有机质含量呈现较强正相关,除Hg之外均与土壤pH值呈现正相关,除As外与磷含量呈现正相关.内梅罗综合指数以及潜在生态风险指数的分析结果表明,除Hg之外的其他7种重金属的污染水平及生态风险较低,受Hg污染的影响,生物滞留设施重金属综合污染水平以及生态风险较高,Hg对土壤环境存在一定的潜在威胁.4类设施重金属非致癌风险在可接受...     

地下水石油污染曝气治理技术研究

在石油开采区现场考察了地下水石油污染曝气治理效果.结果表明,现场土壤地质条件对曝气气流分布影响很大,气流分布并不与曝气井为轴对称,曝气井左侧影响距离达6 m,右侧仅为4 m;经过40 d的连续曝气,在气流分布密度大的区域,石油去除率高达70%,而在气流分布稀疏的区域,石油去除率只有40%,曝气影响区地下水石油平均去除率为60%;对曝气前后地下水中石油组分进行色质联机分析,表明石油去除效果与石油组分及其性质有关,挥发性高的石油组分容易挥发去除,而挥发性低的石油组分难于挥发去除,因此地下水石油污染曝气治理存在“拖尾效应”.     

成都城区蔬菜地土壤中农药残留及其分布特征

采用GC-ECD检测、GC/MS-MS确证的方法对成都城区14个区县蔬菜地土壤中23种有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,以揭示OCPs的残留现状及其分布特征。结果表明,OCPs残留水平在不同区县间差异很大,变化范围20.18～104.33μg.kg-1之间,近郊区县（双流、龙泉驿、郫县、新都、温江）远低于边缘区县。被检出的18种OCPs中,DDTs、HCHs检出率最高（100%）,残留水平为16.11～99.51、1.31～9.34μg.kg-1,分别占OCPs残留总量质量分数的87.68%、8.15%;六氯苯（HCB）次之（90%）;灭蚁灵、环氧七氯、硫丹Ⅰ和γ-氯丹也有不同程度的检出（44.29%～47.14%）,主要分布在近郊区县;艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、毒杀芬的检出率较低（32.86%～37.14%）,多分布于彭州、都江堰、大邑、崇州等地。土壤中OCPs的各种异构体、代谢物变化规律显示,DDTs、HCHs残留主要源于早期的使用或大气输入,但不排除金堂、青白江、新津地区近期可能有新的DDTs输入,崇州、彭州、都江堰、大邑地区可能有HCHs输入。     

椒江口春、秋季浮游动物分布特征及与主要环境因子的关系

2009年5月和10月对椒江口(121.35°E～121.85°E,28.50°N～28.80°N)浮游动物进行调查,分析其群落结构、生物量和丰度的时空分布特征及与主要环境因子的关系.结果表明,该海域浮游动物有明显的季节变化,春季鉴定到14大类50种,卡玛拉水母(Malagazzia carolinae)为绝对优势种,秋季鉴定到14大类73种,优势种分别为百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)、双生水母(Diphyes chamissonis)、亚强真哲水蚤(Eucalanus subcrassus)、微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanus pauper)、中华胸刺水蚤(Centropages sinensis)和肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata);多样性指数为秋季(2.59)高于春季(1.82),生物量和丰度为春季(972.66 mg/m3和1 743.54 ind/m3)远高于秋季(65.30 mg/m3和31.94 ind/m3).总生物量和丰度的空间分布由优势种决定,春季高值区出现在咸淡水交汇的出海口处;秋季有沿河口向外递增的趋势.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,营养盐、盐度和溶解氧为影响春秋季椒江口浮游动物分布的环境因子;浮游动物群落存在明显的季节和空间异质性;各物种适宜的生态环境不同.与类似河口的现状相比,椒江口的浮游动物种类丰富,可能与影响该河口的水团多样有关;与历史资料相比,椒江口4、10月份浮游动物的生物量、丰度及优势类群保持相对稳定.图9表6参44     

梵净山不同森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量及空间分布特征

为做好梵净山国家级自然保护区森林植被保护,摸清自然保护区森林植被资源家底,采用2016年第四次森林资源规划设计调查数据及变更至2019年的森林资源数据,计算和分析保护区内森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量.梵净山8种森林类型的总生物量为443.72×104 t,总碳储量为219.80×104 t,总生长量为29.75×1...     

广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落与多样性的研究

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查，共记录鸟类100种，隶属15日31科，其中古北界鸟类43种，东洋界鸟类45种，广布种鸟类12种。区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布，鸟类的多样性表现出明显季节性。该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种，中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种。5个湿地样区主要鸟类种类和数量的调查结果表明，汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场，鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高，分别为3．2306和3．2283；濠江口的多样性指数较低，为1．98l。群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响。文章还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议。     

The size distribution of airborne bacteria and human pathogenic bacteria in a commercial composting plant

•Bacterial concentrations from eight stages were 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. •Diameter influenced clustering of bacterial and HPB lineages. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 2.42 to 5.09 μm in composting areas. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 3.70 to 8.96 μm in packaging areas. •HPB had high concentrations and small sizes in composting areas. Composting plants are regarded as one of the important sources of environmental bioaerosols. However, limitations in the size distribution of airborne bacteria have prevented our comprehensive understanding of their risk to human health and their dispersal behavior. In this study, different sizes of airborne bacteria were collected using an eight-stage impactor from a full-scale composting facility. Size-related abundance and communities of airborne bacteria as well as human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with droplet digital PCR. Our results indicate that the bacterial concentrations from the eight stages were approximately 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. Although no statistical correlation was detected between the particle size and the Shannon index, the influence of size on bacterial lineages was observed in both composting and packaging areas. For airborne bacteria from different stages, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and the dominant genera was Bacillus. Seven out of eight HPB with a small geometric mean aerodynamic diameter had a high concentration in composting areas. Based on diameters of 2.42 to 5.09 μm, most HPB in the composting areas were expected to be deposited on the bronchus and secondary bronchus. However, in the packaging areas, the deposition of HPB (diameters 3.70 to 8.96 μm) occurred in the upper part of the respiratory tract. Our results on the size distribution, abundance, and diversity of these bacteria offer important information for the systematic evaluation of bacterial pathogenicity and the potential health impacts on workers in composting plants and the surrounding residents.     

颗粒污泥粒径的工程测定方法

厌氧反应器污泥粒径分布的测试方法目前主要有激光粒度分析、照相、沉降法和筛分法.快速方便的实用方法是筛分法,但筛分时需用缓冲剂,考察了分别用缓冲液和自来水作为冲洗介质的筛分结果.结果表明,作为现场应用自来水替代缓冲液是可行的,能够准确反映出污泥颗粒粒径变化的趋势,同时给出了试验测定方法和原则,确定了最佳污泥取样量为20 mL.     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.