医疗焚烧废渣的固定化试验研究

医疗垃圾属于国家规定的危险废物,焚烧后的残渣同样存在最后稳定化的问题,国外处理方法主要是填埋和基础回填,本文通过对两种胶凝材料(普硅水泥和复合矿渣水泥)对医疗废渣的固定化效果研究,探讨医疗废渣再利用的可行性和影响因素。     

美国危险化学品管理中的公众知情权及对我国的启示

在风险社会背景下,环境治理的现代化需要多元共治,而要实现公众参与、发挥公众力量,首先要保障公众享有知情权。我国危险化学品专门立法中有关公众知情权的规定存在诸多问题：公众知情权的客体范围不明确,对政府信息公开义务的规定过于笼统,公众知情权的实现与救济途径不畅,政府未依法公开信息的法律责任不足。相较而言,美国在这一领域具有一定的探索经验。立足我国国情,本文参照域外美国《应急计划与公众知情权法案》,就公众知情权提出完善我国危险化学品专门立法的法制建议,以兹借鉴。     

零星危险化学品快递运输风险博弈分

针对零星危险化学品运输中的安全隐患问题,应用博弈理论构建了政府、快递企业、零星危险化学品托运人的三方博弈模型,对零星危险化学品安全运输问题进行了研究。在求得博弈模型均衡解的基础上,对均衡解进行了深入分析,研究结果表明:政府的最优检查概率与快递企业的安全管理成本正相关,与快递企业发生事故时的损失负相关;快递企业实施安全管理的概率与政府对快递企业的惩罚、快递企业发生事故时政府的损失正相关,与政府的检查成本、托运人选择托运且安全运输时的收益负相关;托运人选择托运的概率与快递企业实施安全管理的成本正相关。最后为有效杜绝零星危险化学品运输事故的发生提出了相应对策。     

多风险源驱动下的土地生态风险评价——以江苏省射阳县为例

我国正处于快速城镇化阶段,土地利用格局变化改变了土地生态系统的结构和功能,造成土地生态风险的进一步加剧和风险来源的多样化。论文根据风险来源、风险受体和风险效应的作用关系,提出了基于多源风险的发生概率、风险受体的抵御和自我恢复能力及其暴露于风险环境下可能发生的损失的土地生态风险表征方法。选取适当的指标计算得出风险来源指数、自然系统损失度和恢复力、社会系统损失度和恢复力、自然风险指数、社会风险指数和综合风险指数。论文以江苏射阳县为例开展实证研究,结果表明：射阳县城所在地社会风险指数最高,东部沿海丹顶鹤自然保护区自然风险指数最高,需要加强对这些地区的限制建设和生态保护。县城周边以及中东部大片区域综合风险指数较低,可以进行进一步的城镇发展和土地开发利用。论文提出的土地生态风险评价方法可为土地利用的风险评估提供方法参考,研究结论可为射阳新型城镇化发展与生态环境保护提供决策参考。     

南京市机动车排放VOCs的污染特征与健康风险评价

在南京富贵山隧道开展机动车排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)对环境及人群健康的影响研究,对VOCs浓度水平与变化特征、组成与化学反应活性进行了分析,并通过美国环境保护局(US EPA)的健康风险评价模型对VOCs的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,隧道进口与出口空气中共检测出93种物质,隧道进口处样品的总VOCs浓度(87.28±7.08)μg/m3;隧道出口处总VOCs浓度(225.63±59.19)μg/m3.隧道出口检测到的烷烃和芳香烃这两类物质浓度比进口浓度高.隧道进口与出口处的VOCs总臭氧生成潜势为101.48μg O3/m3和402.01μg O3/m3.健康风险评价结果表明,隧道进口处14种主要VOCs的非致癌风险危害商值(HQ)在8.07×10-5~2.66×10-1之间,而在隧道出口处的HQ范围为3.18×10-4~2.92×10-1.隧道进口与出口处的VOCs的非致癌风险危险指数(HI)均小于1,非致癌风险值在安全范围之内.但1,3-丁二烯、氯仿、四氯化碳、苯和1,1,2-三氯乙烷的致癌风险较大,对人体健康具有明显的影响.     

一般系统的事故致因分析

运用系统论的观点分析了生产系统中的危害源与相关因素,揭示了生产事故的最终原因是社会环境与生产管理上的缺陷,这些缺陷导致工人产生不安全行为,从而引起事故发生.分析了单元作业子系统的4种事故致因类型,根据分析结果提出了事故预防措施.     

Hazardous waste management in educational and research centers: a case study

The hazardous waste management (HWM) practice at Tehran University of Medical Sciences Central Campus, Iran, was investigated in this study. Four schools were selected and the required information such as type and amount of wastes, temporary storage methods, waste discharge frequency, and final waste disposal methods using sampling, questionnaires, interviews with laboratory staff, and reference to available documents were gathered. The quantity of hazardous waste generation per year excluding the uncontrolled wastewater was found to be 2.072 tons per year. The obtained results show that wastes having features of being infectious, toxic, ignitable, carcinogenic, corrosive, and reactive were present at 32%, 28%, 16%, 14%, 8%, and 2%, respectively. In the central campus, hazardous solid wastes managed with household solid wastes and hazardous liquid waste were discharged into the sinks without any kind of control; improper HWM practices are evident from the point of waste production to final disposal.     

Daily dietary fluoride intake in rural villages of the Ethiopian Rift Valley

Dental and skeletal fluorosis is widespread in the Ethiopian Rift Valley region. Drinking water has been considered the main reason for the development of fluorosis, but dietary intake may also be a contributor in areas with high concentration of fluoride in water, soil, and biota. The purpose of this study is to assess the total daily dietary fluoride intake by adults in a rural part of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The food, beverage, and water samples were collected from selected households of three neighboring villages with similar dietary pattern, but with different fluoride content in their water sources. Village A uses water with 1.0 mg L^?1 fluoride, village B uses water with 3.0 mg L^?1 fluoride, and village C uses water with 11.5 mg L^?1 fluoride both for food preparation and for drinking. The level of fluoride was determined in all food ingredients, in the prepared food, beverages, and in the water used for food preparation and drinking. Recipe and food frequency questionnaires were used to gather household food preparation and consumption patterns. An alkali fusion method was used for digestion of food samples and for subsequent determination of fluoride with ion-selective electrode. The daily fluoride intake varied depending on its concentration in the water used for cooking and drinking. In households using water with 1 mg L^?1, 3 mg L^?1, and 11.5 mg L^?1 fluoride, the total personal intake was found to be 10.5, 16.6, and 35.3 mg d^?1, respectively. Contribution of the water to the daily fluoride intake was 33%, 58%, and 86%, respectively. Even in households using water containing fluoride at a concentration of 1 mg L^?1, the daily intake was higher than the recommended safe intake of 1.5–4.0 mg d^?1 for adults, which indicates that the fluoride intake through food may cause health risks. Minimizing the fluoride concentration in water to the lowest possible level will greatly reduce the daily intake. The form of fluorine (organic or inorganic) in the food items and the associated health risk factors need further investigation.     

Assessment and management of urbanization-induced ecological risks

The urban ecological risk incurred during the processes of urbanization has been constantly accumulating, creating a severe challenge for China to achieve sustainable urban development. At present, research on systematic evaluation of urban ecological risks is still inadequate, especially at an urban ecosystem level. In this special issue, we use Xiamen City as an example to identify the sources and receptors of urban ecological risks, to develop a methodology system of urban ecological risk assessment, and to propose a method for the management of urban ecological risks. This special issue contains 11 research articles resulting from a comprehensive research project funded by China’s National Natural Science Foundation. The innovations reported in this special issue include a framework of urban ecological risk assessment and a standardized procedure for carrying out urban ecological risk assessment using multiple stressors and endpoints.     

海南省集约化种植园中谷物、蔬菜和水果中重金属累积程度及健康风险

集约化种植园中植物有害元素的累积会危及人类健康.本研究共采集海南省典型集约化种植园中谷物、蔬菜和水果样品673份.分析了7种重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As和Hg）的分布特征,并采用单因子指数和内梅罗指数进行污染物评价.同时,结合中国营养学会推荐的日常膳食摄入量,分析重金属的膳食暴露风险.结果表明,673件农作物的Cu、As和Hg含量均低于国家食品限量标准,Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd的超标率分别为2.67%、3.71%、2.53%和3.71%.6类农作物的重金属综合污染程度表现为：叶类蔬菜 > 薯类 > 非叶类蔬菜类 > 豆类 > 水果 > 谷类.其中,叶类蔬菜中Cr的风险系数（HQ）显著高于其它类型农作物,并且大于1,表明通过叶类蔬菜摄入重金属具有潜在健康风险.薯类、非叶菜蔬菜类、豆类、水果类和谷类农作物的危害指数（HI）较低,表明这几类农作物更适合集约化生产模式.