铁路长大隧道健康状况远程监测诊断装备系统研究

基于服役期铁路长大隧道健康状况劣化影响因素分析,结合隧道衬砌结构特点和健康状况监测实际,采用智能传感、信息融合、故障诊断技术,构建集监测、诊断、评估于一体的长大隧道健康状况远程监测诊断装备系统。研究系统的软硬件设施及其布设技术,建立长大隧道健康状况综合评估体系,给出健康诊断量化评估标准。以国内某铁路长大隧道为例,对其健康状况实施远程监测与诊断分析。结果表明,该条服役隧道健康问题的主要影响因素为隧道衬砌漏水、隧道衬砌裂缝、隧道衬砌变形、隧道衬砌剥落等病害,尤以隧道衬砌变形最为严重,健康等级为4级。     

Application of mindfulness-based stress reduction to a stress management intervention in a study of a mining sector company

Purpose. The aim of this article was to check whether mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an effective intervention in reducing work-related stress in the case of workers in a copper mine. Methods. Sixty six employees were randomized to the experimental group (32 participants) or to the control group (34 participants). Work-related stress was measured using the job content questionnaire (JCQ) and mental health was measured using the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) Experimental manipulation was 40-h MBSR training. Results. Multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant increase of JCQ decision latitude (F?=?17.36, p?<?0.001) and social support (supervisor F?=?9.00, p?<?0.004; coworker F?=?5.61, p?<?0.020), and a significant decrease in GHQ-28 anxiety (F?=?5.28, p?<?0.079) and depression (F?=?3.95, p?<?0.048) due to the intervention. Conclusions. The study confirms that MBSR can be effective in reducing stress resulting from the external risk (and/or imagined fear) of losing one’s health or life. The use of MBSR could be recommended in health and safety activities in difficult and dangerous work conditions, such as mining, to promote workers’ well-being.     

Community epidemiology and environmental health risk from dioxin contamination in Paritutu

This article explores community-awareness perspectives and actions towards dioxin-related health exposure in Paritutu Community, New Plymouth, New Zealand. The actions are analysed through media reports, covering a 10-year period from 1998 to 2008. Since 1964, Paritutu Community residents have expressed concern about increased morbidity associated with dioxin contamination from a nearby agrichemical plant. Upon investigation, official agencies were at first unable to verify a causal link between dioxin and morbidity, precipitating community activism and increasing public pressure on relevant authorities. Residents played a major role in alleviating further damage to their community by analysing and evaluating data and providing information that ultimately resulted in both official recognition of their environmental health risk and preventative strategies to alleviate their morbidity. This article backgrounds the Paritutu Community Epidemiology approach and evaluates stages in how the Paritutu Community overcame indifference and lack of precaution and exerted influence leading to the removal of the source of contamination and positive policy changes in public health including the setting up of ameliorative health services for affected people. The findings of this research support theories of popular, lay, community and worker epidemiology.     

燃煤发电职业危害暴露健康负担评价方法*

为评估煤电行业从业人员因遭受职业危害暴露引起的健康负担大小,根据工作暴露矩阵法对燃煤发电职业暴露程度进行估算,利用健康效应分析和伤残调整寿命年指标构建燃煤发电职业暴露健康负担评价体系,实现职业暴露健康负担的量化评价。将所构建的评价体系应用于3个燃煤电厂进行对比分析,结果表明:各类危害因素中,粉尘所致健康危害最大,人均健康负担约为8.861 a;各生产环节中,运输煤系统所致健康影响最大,约占整个生产过程的45.53%。     

环境影响评价中卫生防护距离设置的探讨

文章结合在环境影响评价工作中的经验,对国家行业卫生防护距离标准以及《制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法》中推荐的企业卫生防护距离计算方法中存在的问题提出了一些看法。建议在工作中应考虑项目生产规模、污染物性质、污染源有效高度、建设地点地形等多方面因素,结合实际情况设置合理的卫生防护距离。     

现代环境与人体健康研究综述

环境与健康是人类永恒的主题。本文介绍了环境与健康的关系,总结了在全球气候变化、臭氧层损耗、生物多样性的丧失、土地荒漠化和干旱、环境污染以及城市化等多方面给人类健康带来的影响,探讨了人体总暴露研究、地理信息系统技术在本领域的应用,最后概括了我国在这一领域的研究现状。     

Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goad for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong,China

Abstract

The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed—reduction of 83% of BOD load and 82% of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem-service-function aspect. It is recommended to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal, instead of water quality objective management, for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour catchment. Steps to further improve the marine coastal ecosystem health of Tolo harbour are discussed in the paper.     

Farmers' Willingness-to-Pay for Environment and Human Health and Adoption of IPM

Abstract

Although chemical control of pests increases crop production, it brings a lot of damage to environment and human health. There exist a number of alternative methods that are not so harmful to environment and human health. However, whether and how much in extent these technologies adopted are plausible depends on the comparison of benefit- cost between chemical control and the alternative control methods (such as Integrated Pest Management, IPM) and farmers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for environment and human health. Using contingent valuation method (CVM), the author investigates farmers' WTP for environment and human health, recognizes the factors influencing WTP, and accordingly points out the importance of pest control technology extension and government regulation of pesticides.     

黔西北山区耕地重金属健康风险评价及环境基准

以贵州省西北某典型喀斯特山区耕地为研究区,通过对137组土壤-农作物协同样品中重金属（Cd、 Hg、 As、 Pb和Cr）含量进行检测,系统评价了区域土壤和农作物中重金属健康暴露风险,并基于物种敏感分布模型（SSD）反推区域耕地土壤环境风险基准值.结果表明：研究区玉米和水稻土壤均受到不同程度重金属（Cd、 Hg、 As、 Pb和Cr）污染,其中Cd为首要污染物,超标率在87%～445%之间,且玉米地>水稻田;与土壤重金属高污染水平相反,仅有3.51%和13.04%的玉米籽粒和稻米中Cd含量超过国家食品安全限量标准,重金属Cd累积能力为水稻>玉米.健康风险评价结果显示,重金属对研究区成人和儿童的致癌/非致癌风险均处于较低水平,稻米摄入的致癌风险略高于玉米,儿童的健康风险值均高于成人.研究区土壤环境基准值是基于保护95%（HC₅）和5%(HC₉₅)的作物品种安全所得的土壤风险值,玉米土壤Cd、 As、 Pb和Cr的HC₅值分别为0.67、 771.99、 40.85和609.88 mg·kg^-1     

宝鸡市夏季不同功能区挥发性有机物污染特征及健康风险评价

关中地区大气臭氧污染近年呈加剧趋势,研究城市不同功能区VOCs污染特征及其健康风险至关重要.夏季在宝鸡市交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区（对照点）设置4个采样点,利用气相色谱-质谱/氢火焰离子检测器联用（GC-MS/FID）和高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测了115种挥发性有机物（VOCs）,分析了不同功能区的污染特征,通过臭氧生成潜势（OFP）、·OH消耗速率（L_·OH）和二次气溶胶生成潜势（SOAFP）评估其环境影响,并计算毒性VOCs的危害指数（HI）和终生致癌概率（LCR）.结果表明,采样期间交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的φ（TVOCs）平均值分别为（59.63±23.85）×10^-9、（42.92±11.88）×10^-9、（60.27±24.09）×10^-9和（55.54±7.44）×10^-9,其中交通区烷烃占比最高,其它功能区均为含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）占比最高;不同功能区乙醛、丙酮、正丁烷和异戊烷等均较为丰富.交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的甲苯与苯比值（T/B）的均值分别为1.84、2.39、1.28和1.64,同时还存在较多低于1的时段,异戊烷与正戊烷比值（i/n）多数集中在1~4之间,表明宝鸡市VOCs受到机动车尾气和油气挥发、生物质和煤燃烧以及工业涂装和铸造等工业源的影响较大.4个功能区的间/对-二甲苯与乙苯的比值（X/E）均低于2,风景区最小为1.79,表明宝鸡市VOCs一定程度上受到区域传输的影响;根据甲醛与乙醛比值（C1/C2）和乙醛与丙醛比值（C2/C3）,表明醛酮类VOCs存在较明显的人为排放源且受到光化学反应的影响.各功能区OFP为：工业区>风景区>交通区>综合区,OVOCs和烯烃贡献大;各功能区L_·OH的范围为8.77~15.82 s^-1,工业区乙醛贡献最大,其它功能区异戊二烯贡献大;各功能区SOAFP为：风景区>综合区>交通区>工业区,甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和异戊二烯为关键物种.根据EPA的健康风险评价方法,各功能区的毒性VOCs的危害指数（HI）均低于1,处于可接受水平,但工业区HI>1的天数占总采样天数的42.86%,存在较大风险;交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的终生致癌风险（LCR）分别为1.83×10^-5、1.21×10^-5、1.85×10^-5和1.63×10^-5,均处于评价体系的第Ⅲ等级,表明有较大可能的致癌风险,LCR超过10^-6的物种有：甲醛、乙醛、1,2-二溴乙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2-二氯丙烷和氯仿.