救援人员的主要心理问题、相关因素与干预策略

救援人员泛指在各种紧急情况中提供救助的个体,其心理健康风险得到越来越多的关注.研究发现救援人员的心理问题主要是应激相关障碍,消极情绪以及倦怠感.不利的救援工作条件、创伤暴露与非适应性的情绪调节策略是救援人员心理健康主要的危险因素;救援工作中的有利条件、社会支持、心理弹性以及适应性情绪调节策略是心理健康的保护因素.对救援...     

铅污染与儿童健康

鉴于我国青少年铅中毒趋势的不断递升，文章从多方面论述了铅中毒的来源，找出铅中毒的对策。通过阐述铅中毒的现状和临床症状，以引起全社会的广泛关注和重视。解决有关健康和环境的问题，需要多部门的综合协调完成，只有整个社会都关心环境问题，重视对环境的综合治理，才能有效推进预防儿童铅中毒的工作,铅污染才能真正得到解决。     

南京城郊零散菜地土壤与蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险分析

采集南京城郊零散菜地土壤和青菜配对样品各18个,用原子吸收光谱仪测定了铜、锌、铅、镉的质量分数。结果表明,南京城郊零散菜地土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数的变化范围分别为39.38±9.85、254.79±132.77、67.77±57.52、1.03±1.28 mg/kg;重金属质量分数在土样之间存在较大的变异性,反映了人为活动已对南京城郊土壤重金属污染产生了明显的影响。在城郊零散菜地土壤上种植的青菜,其叶中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数的变化范围分别为5.00±1.57、62.21±16.05、5.90±3.09、0.73±0.39 mg/kg,其中Pb、Cd质量分数全都超过国家食品卫生标准。依据USEPA推荐的RfD值和我国居民平均食物消费结构进行计算,结果表明这些零散菜地的蔬菜重金属污染可能给食用者带来健康风险;食用其中一些污染严重的蔬菜而摄入Pb、Cd引起的健康风险分别高达90.66%和42.17%。     

云南野生牛肝菌中砷元素含量测定及食用安全评价

通过ICP-AES法测定了26个云南野生牛肝菌居群中As元素含量,分析不同地区、种类牛肝菌对As的富集特征;采用单项污染指数法评价云南野生牛肝菌的As污染水平;根据FAO/WHO规定的每周As允许摄入量评估野生牛肝菌的As暴露风险。结果显示:(1)不同产地、种类牛肝菌中As含量差异明显,其中菌盖的As平均含量在(0.18±0.31)~(13.33±2.21)mg·kg~(-1)dw之间,菌柄的As平均含量在(0.06±0.10)~(17.09±5.8)mg·kg~(-1)dw之间;表明牛肝菌对As元素的富集程度与牛肝菌种类、生长环境等因素有关;(2)不同种类牛肝菌菌盖、菌柄的As污染指数分别在0.35~26.66及0.12~34.20之间,且多数牛肝菌的As污染指数大于1,表明多数牛肝菌的As含量超过GB2762-2012规定的限量标准,处于重污染水平;(3)若成年人每周食用500 g新鲜牛肝菌,则通过牛肝菌摄入的As均低于FAO/WHO规定的PTWI标准(As≤0.9 mg),未达到As暴露水平;然而日常生活中人们除了通过野生牛肝菌摄入As元素外还会通过其他食物(大米、肉类等)、饮水、呼吸等途径摄入As元素,因此,为了防止As暴露危害人体健康,不宜大量或长期食用野生牛肝菌。     

江阴市典型河流沉积物重金属污染和风险评价

在摸清河流表层沉积物重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As)含量的基础上,利用综合污染指数和地累积指数评价其污染状况,计算潜在生态风险和人体健康风险。结果表明,江阴市河流沉积物已经受到重金属污染企业和城市径流双重影响,Cu、Zn、Pb峰值在汛期,As、Cr峰值在非汛期;污染负荷指数和地累积指数评价结果显示非汛期污染略轻,地累积指数法引入背景波动参数而使其评价结果较乐观。重金属潜在生态风险都为轻微风险级别;致癌风险处于10~(-3)数量级,非致癌风险数量级为10~(-7),致癌风险为人体健康风险主要承担者。潜在生态风险汛期高,人体健康风险非汛期高,这可能是重金属元素对致癌风险以及生态风险的贡献不同所致。     

A comparative analysis of safety management and safety performance in twelve construction projects

IntroductionSafety management in construction is complicated due to the complex “nature” of the construction industry. The aim of this research was to identify safety management factors (e.g., risk management and site management), contextual factors (e.g., organisational complexity) and combinations of such factors connected to safety performance. Method: Twelve construction projects were selected to compare their safety management and safety performance. An analytical framework was developed based on previous research, regulations, and standards where each management factor was defined. We employed qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to produce case knowledge, compare the cases, and identify connections between the factors and safety performance. The material collected and analyzed included, for example, construction planning documents, reports from OHS-inspections, safety indicators, and interviews with project leaders and OHS experts. Results and conclusions: The research showed that: (a) the average score on 12 safety management factors was higher among projects with high safety performance compared to projects with low safety performance; (b) high safety performance can be achieved with both high and low construction complexity and organizational complexity, but these factors complicate coordination of actors and operations; (c) it is possible to achieve high safety performance despite relatively poor performance on many safety management factors; (d) eight safety management factors were found to be “necessary” for high safety performance, namely roles and responsibilities, project management, OHS management and integration, safety climate, learning, site management, staff management, and operative risk management. Site management, operative risk management, and staff management were the three factors most strongly connected to safety performance. Practical implications: Construction stakeholders should understand that the ability to achieve high safety performance in construction projects is connected to key safety management factors, contextual factors, and combinations of such factors.     

环境噪声污染对人体健康的影响

环境噪声污染污染对人体健康危害十分严重，除影响听力外，还可能引发神经，心血管，消化，内分泌及免疫系统疾病，且对视力，优生优育均有不同程度影响。加强环境噪声污染的防治，对于保障人民健康有重要意义。     

浙江省丽水市空气质量的健康效应分析

本研究利用2013～2018年丽水空气质量、健康及气象等官方数据,采用半参数广义可加模型分析了丽水市空气质量状况与人群健康效应之间的关系.结果表明:(1)大气污染物可导致人群心血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的增加,PM_2.5和O₃对于男性的影响显著高于女性,NO₂和SO₂对于女性的影响显著高于男性,污染物对于65岁以上人口的影响更为明显;(2)O₃对于全人群超额死亡风险的贡献率高达40%～50%,远高于PM_2.5对健康造成的危害,O₃已经成为丽水市最为突出的空气污染物.但是男性和女性有明显差异,O₃对于男性的超额风险贡献率最大,NO₂对于女性的超额风险贡献率最大;(3)丽水市污染物浓度处于剂量-效应关系曲线的低浓度处,单位污染物浓度的变化导致超额死亡率变化较大,降低单位浓度污染物产生的健康效益也更为显著.     

Contesting the crisis narrative: epidemic accounts in Sierra Leone,Tanzania, and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Scientists and global commentators watched African countries closely in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, predicting an impending disaster: the virus was projected to overwhelm already weak health systems. These expectations were informed by imaginaries of Africa as an inevitable site of epidemic disaster. This paper draws on accounts from Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Democratic Republic of the Congo to contrast global catastrophe framings with everyday imaginations and experiences of crisis and crisis management. Utilising ethnographic research, the paper initially explores how COVID-19 was understood in relation to previous epidemics, from HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) to Ebola, as well as political conflict. It then considers how global crisis narratives both inform and are in tension with everyday collective and personal experiences. The paper brings these empirical reflections into a conversation with theoretical debates on the discursive construction of crisis and its effects, and argues that these tensions matter because crisis framings have consequences.     

The 2004 tsunami and mental health in Thailand: a longitudinal analysis of one‐and two‐year post‐disaster data

Some 280,000 people died in the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004. This cohort study examined its impact on mental health one and two years later. It did so by investigating the association between six consequent variables (personal injury, loss of home, loss of business, death of a family member, injury to a family member, or loss of a family member's business) and mental health, as measured by the 36‐item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), among residents in four provinces of Thailand. One year later, participants who suffered a personal injury, the loss of a business, or the loss of a family member reported poorer mental health than those who were unaffected. Two years later, participants who experienced the loss of a family member reported poorer mental health than those who were unaffected. This research shows that such a disaster may have long‐lasting ramifications for mental health, and that diverse losses may influence mental health differently.