应用B-IBI和UAV遥感技术评价辽河上游生态健康

采用B-IBI(benthic index of biotic integrity,底栖动物完整性指数)结合UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle,无人机)遥感技术,对辽河保护区干流上游河流生态系统健康进行评价. 根据16个采样点的UAV遥感正射影像、水质参数、水体理化指标和土地利用类型等信息,从中筛选出4个采样点作为参照点,其余为受损点;通过分布范围、判别能力和相关性分析,从32个候选生物指标中筛选出6个核心指标,包括总分类单元数、摇蚊分类单元数、寡毛类分类单元数、敏感类群、前3位优势分类单元和均匀度指数. B-IBI评价结果显示,辽河干流上游处于健康(B-IBI>3.90)的河段占0.82%,亚健康(2.93相似文献   

PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence,removal and risk assessment

• 39 PPCPs were investigated at a DWTP using the Yangtze River as its water source. • Grab and continuous sampling were conducted for the comparison of data consistency. • Ketoprofen & carbamazepine can be risk management indicators because of the high RQ. The occurrence and removal of 39 targeted pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from source water, through a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to the water supply station, were investigated around the central part of Yangtze River Delta in China using both grab sampling and continuous sampling. Totally 24 of the 39 targeted PPCPs were detected in raw water, and 12 PPCPs were detected in the finished water. The highest observed concentration was enrofloxacin (85.623 ng/L) in raw water. Removal efficiencies were remarkably negative correlated with log K_ow (r = -0.777, p<0.01) after calibration control of concentration, indicating that more soluble PPCPs are easier to remove by the combined process (prechlorination and flocculation/precipitation), the concentration level also had a great impact on the removal efficiency. The normal process in the pilot DWTP seems to be ineffective for PPCPs control, with the limited removal efficiency of less than 30% for each step: pre-chlorination, flocculation and precipitation, post-chlorination and filter. There were notable differences between the data from continuous sampling and grab sampling, which should be considered for different monitoring purposes. The chlorination and the hydrolytic decomposition of PPCPs in the water supply pipe may attenuate PPCPs concentration in the pipeline network. The PPCPs examined in the effluent of DWTP do not impose a potential health risk to the local consumers due to their RQ value lower than 0.00067.     

福建东山湾养殖贝类重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

为了解东山湾海水养殖贝类重金属污染状况及健康风险水平,2016年11月采集了华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobills)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、鲍(Haliotis sp.)、巴非蛤(Paphia sp.)、牡蛎(Saccostrea sp.)和翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)等6种常见贝类,对其污染指数、膳食暴露量和健康风险等进行评价。结果表明,东山湾贝类体内Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg含量(均值)分别为9.69、0.19、43.5、0.65、0.21、0.010和1.69μg·g~(-1),与第一类海洋生物质量标准限值相比,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As的超标率分别为16.7%、83.3%、33.3%、33.3%、16.7%和100%;但除华贵栉孔扇贝Cd含量超标外,Pb、Cr、Hg和As含量均能满足食品中污染物限量标准要求。尽管东山湾贝类总致癌风险R_c=1.65×10~(-4),存在一定的健康风险,但5种贝类体内重金属含量略低于我国东部-南部沿海贝类的平均水平,且2010—2017年期间东山湾牡蛎体内重金属污染状况没有明显变化(养殖生物质量指数<5%),加上重金属膳食暴露风险较低,总非致癌风险R_n=0.94(<1),总体而言贝类质量状况尚可。     

典型汞污染地区食物汞含量及人体汞暴露健康风险

系统采集典型汞污染地区(铅锌冶炼、金矿冶炼和燃煤电厂)食物样品(大米、蔬菜和鱼肉) 409个,测定其总汞含量以评估当地居民食物摄入汞暴露的健康风险。结果显示:铅锌冶炼地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为5.99μg·kg~(-1)(3.02～30.7μg·kg~(-1)),仅有1个样品总汞含量超过我国大米汞限量标准(20μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为0.646～5.44μg·kg~(-1)和1.80～26.4μg·kg~(-1),均未超过我国食品汞限量标准;金矿冶炼地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为4.46μg·kg~(-1)(3.13～8.67μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为0.760～7.83μg·kg~(-1)和1.59～21.9μg·kg~(-1),所有食物均未超过我国食品汞限量标准;燃煤电厂地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为3.63μg·kg~(-1)(1.05～11.4μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为1.12～3.78μg·kg~(-1)和2.24～12.3μg·kg~(-1),所有食物均未超过我国食品汞限量标准。铅锌冶炼、金矿冶炼和燃煤电厂3个地区居民通过食用食物(大米、鱼肉和蔬菜途径)总汞摄入量的均值分别为0.068、0.038和0.031μg·d~(-1)·kg~(-1),均未超出联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的人体安全总汞摄入量0.71μg·d~(-1)·kg~(-1);表明3个研究地区居民汞暴露的风险较低。大米汞摄入量占3个地区居民食物总汞摄入量的比例分别为77.2%、70.8%和71.4%,食用大米是当地居民汞暴露的主要途径。     

The social cost of carbon revisited

An estimate of the social cost of carbon (SCC) is crucial to climate policy. But how should we estimate the SCC? A common approach uses an integrated assessment model (IAM) to simulate time paths for the atmospheric CO₂ concentration, its impact on temperature, and resulting reductions in GDP. I have argued that IAMs have deficiencies that make them poorly suited for this job, but what is the alternative? I present an approach to estimating an average SCC, which I argue can be a useful guide for policy. I rely on a survey of experts to elicit opinions regarding (1) probabilities of alternative economic outcomes of climate change, but not the causes of those outcomes; and (2) the reduction in emissions required to avert an extreme outcome, i.e., a large climate-induced reduction in GDP. The average SCC is the ratio of the present value of lost GDP from an extreme outcome to the total emission reduction needed to avert that outcome. I discuss the survey instrument, explain how experts were identified, and present results. I obtain SCC estimates of $200/mt or higher, but the variation across experts is large. Trimming outliers and focusing on experts who expressed a high degree of confidence in their answers yields lower SCCs, $80 to $100/mt, but still well above the IAM-based estimates used by the U.S. government.     

Environmental disaster,pollution and infant health: Evidence from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

In 2010 the Gulf Coast experienced the largest oil spill affecting U.S. waters in history. Evaporating crude oil and dispersant chemicals can cause major health problems. This paper examines the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on air quality and infant health outcomes. Using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) AirData, vital statistics data from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and a difference-in-difference methodology, we find that the oil spill of 2010 increased concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, SO2, and CO in affected coastal counties, increased incidence of low birth weight (<2500 g) and premature born infants (<37 weeks of gestation). Heterogeneity effects reveal more pronounced adverse infant health outcomes for black, Hispanic, less educated, unmarried, and younger mothers. Results are robust to a wide range of controls and robustness checks.     

会仙岩溶湿地丰平枯时期地下水金属元素污染与健康风险

以我国面积最大的亚热带低海拔岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区不同时期（丰水期、平水期和枯水期）地下水27组样品中10种金属元素（Cd、Cr、As、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg和Fe）进行测试和分析,分别运用综合污染评价法、多元统计分析及健康风险评价模型揭示了丰平枯时期地下水中10种金属元素的污染特征、分布状况和健康风险.结果表明,研究区地下水中金属元素的平均浓度大小为：Mn > Fe > Zn > Al > Hg > Cr > Cu > Cd > As > Pb,丰水期Mn（1022.00 μg·L^-1）和平水期Hg（42.40 μg·L^-1）最大浓度超过我国相关水质标准限值.据污染评价结果,丰水期地下水中仅Mn污染等级出现Ⅵ,Cd、Al、Zn、Fe污染等级均为Ⅲ,平水期仅Hg污染等级为Ⅵ,仅Al污染等级为Ⅲ.从金属元素超标组分、浓度和污染特征看,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中Zn、Cd、Mn和Al浓度受人类活动影响,时间尺度特征不明显,As、Fe、Cu和Cr浓度即受人类活动影响,又具有一定时间尺度特征,Hg和Pb浓度主要表现为时间尺度特征.据健康风险评价结果,地下水中10种金属元素通过饮用水和皮肤入渗2种途径暴露的人群总健康风险大小为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,Cr通过饮用水途径在丰水期（8.03×10^-5 a^-1和8.76×10^-5 a^-1）、平水期（1.15×10^-4 a^-1和1.26×10^-4 a^-1）和枯水期（8.72×10^-5 a^-1和9.51×10^-5 a^-1）引起的成人和儿童致癌风险均高于5.0×10^-5 a^-1,Cr是引起致癌健康风险的主要金属元素.从饮用水安全角度,饮用前应对会仙岩溶湿地部分地下水中Mn、Hg和Cr进行一定控制.     

电生理技术在大气PM2.5污染健康风险管控中的应用

严峻的大气颗粒物污染导致的能见度下降和城镇灰色景观可能会阻碍居民压力恢复路径,损害居民身心健康。为研究大气PM_(2.5)污染对人体压力恢复的影响,基于压力恢复理论设计了一项生理心理学实验。随机招募127名被试(女性63名,男性64名),并随机分为6组(编号为G10、G30、G50、G100、G160和G260),每组被试在压力恢复阶段分别对应观看ρ(PM_(2.5))平均值分别为10,30,50,100,160和260μg/m~3的实景照片。结合压力自评量表和皮肤电、心电等电生理技术测量了被试观看不同环境ρ(PM_(2.5))实景照片时的压力恢复比例。结果显示,G10、G30、G50组被试的皮肤电水平、心率和心率变异性恢复比例约为40%～50%,50%～70%和60%～80%,G100、G160、G260组被试的皮肤电水平、心率和心率变异性恢复比例约为20%～40%,10%～40%和30%～50%,即观看ρ(PM_(2.5))低于50μg/m~3实景照片的被试在3 min内的压力恢复比例比观看ρ(PM_(2.5))高于100μg/m~3的实景照片的被试高20%以上。基于皮肤电的逐10 s压力恢复比例分析显示,2min内的清洁空气照片(G10、G30、G50组)暴露能使压力恢复至初始水平的60%左右,而暴露时间的增加可能会使被试产生疲劳和厌倦,从而导致压力恢复比例下降。指出,电生理技术是对自评量表测量的有力补充,能够客观、有效地测量压力水平变化,丰富了开展环境健康风险评估的手段,可为大气污染心理健康风险管控提供参考和借鉴。     

国内外康养旅游研究评述与展望

围绕健康/养生与旅游的关系、康养旅游相关概念辨析、康养旅游供给、康养旅游需求、康养旅游专项研究5个主题,对国内外康养旅游相关研究成果进行了系统梳理。结果发现:国内外学术界在康养旅游研究领域积累了较多学术成果,但整体而言学术研究滞后于实践发展,具体表现在基础概念界定不清、研究内容深度不足、理论体系尚未完全建立等方面。未来研究应围绕厘清康养旅游及相关术语的概念内涵、深化康养旅游供给研究、重视康养旅游需求研究、加强康养旅游专项研究等方面进一步拓展和深化,逐步构建系统的康养旅游研究知识体系。     

基于农户视角的粮食主产县耕地健康评价与诊断--以湖南省湘阴县为例

耕地健康关乎国家粮食安全。依据PSR理论模型构建耕地健康评价指标体系,利用湖南省岳阳市湘阴县农户调查数据,运用层次分析法、TOPSIS法和障碍度模型评价了该县耕地健康状况并诊断其障碍因子。结果表明:湘阴县耕地健康综合指数为0.488,耕地健康等级为中度亚健康;耕地健康压力指数、状态指数和响应指数依次分别为0.597、0.526和0.418;轮作休耕、种植绿肥、单位播种面积有机肥施用量、粮食单产、耕作层厚度、单位播种面积化肥施用量、灌溉保证率是制约湘阴县耕地健康的主要障碍因子。