廊坊市环保产业发展现状与市场需求分析

针对目前廊坊市环保产业发展现状及存在的问题,以及今后一段时间内环保产品市场的需求进行了分析,并提出了一些建议。     

聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积行为的影响

针对给水管网中残余铝沉积和再溶解现象可能引起的水质问题,研究了聚硅酸对不同水解聚合形态铝沉积、再溶解的影响,并以石英微晶天平为表征手段,初步探讨了聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积、再溶解过程影响的机理.结果表明,聚硅酸能显著改变不同水解聚合形态铝的沉积、再溶解行为.聚硅酸可与3种水解聚合形态的铝迅速结合而生成可沉积产物,但产物性质不同.以单体形态为主的Al_0与聚硅酸的反应产物性质较稳定,部分以溶解态存在,部分以非溶解态(可沉积态)存在;尽管铝的两种聚合形态Al_(13)和Al_(30)与聚硅酸反应也生成了部分可沉积产物,但随着时间的推移,这些产物又逐渐向溶解态转化.铝硅比对Al_0体系中铝的沉积溶解行为影响较小,而对Al_(13)和Al_(30)影响较大,且在0.2∶20(以Al和SiO_2计的质量比)时,沉积态铝的溶解速率最快.     

三峡库区(重庆-宜昌段)沉积物中钒的污染特征及生态风险评价

为全面了解三峡库区(重庆—宜昌段)干支流沉积物中钒的含量水平、空间分布、赋存形态、污染程度,在三峡库区采集水体沉积物样品67个,测定了沉积物中钒的含量及其化学赋存形态,并采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行分析和评价.结果表明:1三峡库区研究区范围内沉积物中钒的含量范围为89.4~175.2 mg·kg-1,平均值为123.7 mg·kg-1,略高于长江沉积物背景值;2库区沉积物中钒的空间分布特征主要呈现库区干流含量大于支流,干流下游沉积物中钒含量高于上游;3沉积物中钒含量的极值点出现在较发达县(区)附近,考虑其来源可能是人为源汇入;4库区沉积物中钒的赋存形态主要以残渣态为主,所占质量分数为80%~89%,并与总量呈现显著正相关关系;5沉积物中钒污染程度较小,潜在环境危害影响较弱.     

岩溶地下河系统中有机氯的分布特征与来源分析

选取重庆老龙洞、青木关岩溶地下河为研究对象,采用气相色谱仪-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析两条地下河水体中21种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度.结果表明,南山地下河中六六六(HCHs)和艾氏剂类化合物(ALDs)是主要检出物,青木关地下河中HCHs和甲氧滴滴涕是主要检出物.南山、青木关地下河中均未检出o,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDE、o,p'-DDD,同时,青木关地下河还未检出o,p'-DDT、狄氏剂,其余OCPs在两条地下河中检出率高达100%.青木关地下河中OCPs浓度范围为145~278 ng·L-1之间,平均值为213 ng·L-1;南山老龙洞地下河中OCPs浓度介于17.7~40.8 ng·L-1之间,平均值为32.7ng·L-1.两条地下河中各OCPs组分表现为地下河出口大于入口.通过对OCPs污染来源分析,发现两地下河流域滴滴涕(DDTs)主要来自于历史上工业DDTs输入,氯丹主要来自于大气沉降.六六六(HCHs)主要来源是林丹的输入,南山地下河属于历史污染,青木关地下河上游的甘家槽有新的HCHs输入.与国内外其他各水体相比,南山地下河水体中HCHs、DDTs浓度处于低水平;青木关下河处于中等偏高水平.结合中外用水卫生标准,发现南山地下河和青木关地下河未超过饮水安全标准.青木关应禁止农田施用有机氯农药,保护地下河生态环境.     

太原晋祠地区果园土壤呼吸的年际变化及其温度敏感性

太原晋祠地区曾经是著名的稻米之乡,随着晋祠泉的断流,区内土地利用从之前的以水稻田为主转变为以玉米和果园为主.因此,研究土地利用变化后土壤呼吸对于准确估算区域碳循环具有一定意义.基于此目的,本研究以原来为稻田、现为果园利用方式的样地为对象,对其土壤呼吸进行了7 a(2006~2012年)、每月1~3次的定位观测,分析了土壤呼吸的年际、季节变化及其与环境因子年际、季节变化的关系.结果表明,土壤呼吸与土壤温度的季节变化与天数的关系可以用3参数高斯方程模型进行拟合.土壤呼吸的季节变化与土壤温度的季节变化关系为极显著的指数关系,但其与土壤水分季节变化的关系不显著.土壤呼吸速率年平均值为(5.32±3.31)μmol·(m~2·s)-1;碳通量年平均值为1 690.2 g·m-2,在1 294.0~2 006.0g·m~(-2)之间变化,年际均值差异不显著.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数(Q_(10))值的年际变化以5、10和15 cm温度测定深度计算分别在1.54~2.20、1.68~2.48和1.82~2.46之间;土壤温度10℃对应的土壤呼吸(R_(10))值的年际变化在2.37~2.81、2.43~3.13和2.59~3.47μmol·(m~2·s)-1之间;Q_(10)和R10值均随土壤温度测定深度增加而增加.Q_(10)的年际变化与10 cm深度的土壤温度(T_(10))的年际变化关系极显著(P=0.016),与其它因子的关系不显著;在拟合方程中增加土壤水分因子不能提高对Q_(10)年际变化的预测精度,说明在本样地水分对Q_(10)的影响较小.R10值的年际变化与环境因子的年际变化关系不显著.与土壤呼吸与土壤温度的单因素模型相比,土壤温度和土壤水分的双变量指数模型可以提高预测土壤呼吸季节变化的准确性.研究结果可以为本地区及同类地区的土壤呼吸估算提供一定参考.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China

In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km². In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM_1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM_1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM_1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM_1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM_1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan.     

生态文明建设理论发展历程初探

生态文明建设理论以可持续发展、环境保护及生态学理论为基础,吸收了中国传统文化的养分,目前已成为中国特色社会主义道路的有机组成部分,得到了党和国家的高度重视.本文对生态文明建设理论的产生背景和过程进行了简单梳理.     

基于物联网的水环境监测及分析系统

基于物联网的水环境监测及分析系统集传感器、测控、通信、计算机应用、地理信息系统等技术为一体,实现了"测得准、传得快、说得清、管得好"的总体目标,可为水环境管理、水功能区管理、污染物减排和总量控制提供科学依据。系统可方便接入其他业务系统,实现资源共享,提高环保部门环境监察、管理能力,增强应对突发性污染事故快速反应能力,满足环境监测和环境管理的业务需求。     

五日生化需氧量测定的影响因素

五日生化需氧量是一种表间接表示水体中有机物含量,是水质监测的一个重要参数。本文对水样的保存、溶解氧、pH值、温度、接种稀释水和稀释度等影响测定五日生化需氧量成败的因素进行探讨,并提出相应的解决方法。