Laboratory simulation of SO_2 heterogeneous reactions on hematite surface under different SO_2 concentrations

The variations of sulfate formation and optical coefficients during SO2 heterogeneous reactions on hematite surface under different SO2 concentrations were examined using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and ion chromatograph (IC). Laboratory experiments revealed that within ambient SO2 of 0.51–18.6 ppmv, sulfate product, producing velocity, absorption and backward scattering coefficients showed an increasing trend with SO2 concentration. Under given SO2 concentra...     

数字海洋中海量多源异构空间数据集成研究

针对目前海量多源异构空间数据在组织、管理、集成方面的困难以及传统方法在数据转化过程中造成的数据损耗等问题,结合海洋空间数据的特征,提出一种新的海量多源异构空间数据无缝集成技术(SIMMHS)。该技术针对底层海洋空间数据的海量性和异构性,利用FLEX和XML技术,以XML为数据转换格式,使用XML Schema建立了公共模型,利用虚拟空间数据搜索引擎作为中介实现平台,实现了对海量多源异构空间数据的无缝集成。结合数字海洋上海示范区建设项目的实际应用,有效集成了海量多源异构的空间数据,以方便用户的快速浏览查询、系统的三维展示和数据的实时更新。     

内蒙古乌兰浩特索伦镇地区中生代侵入岩特征研究

内蒙古乌兰浩特索伦镇地区位于大兴安岭中南段。该区中生代侵入岩广泛发育。开展侵入岩的年代学、地球化学特征研究能为深入探讨区域构造背景提供依据。3个样品K-Ar全岩法测年结果(93.39Ma～108.48Ma)证明侵入岩形成于早白垩世,略晚于其南侧同一构造带上的杜尔基地区侵入岩年龄(100.15Ma～120.29Ma),符合太行山——大兴安岭早白垩世侵入岩时代自南向北由老变新的演化趋势。岩石地球化学分析结果显示岩石属于碱性系列,具有高硅、高钾、富碱、过铝、贫钙、镁、铁等特征。稀土元素总量为(77.96～241.29)μg/g,平均值为158.92μg/g,与杜尔基地区早白垩世侵入岩的稀土总量平均值(146.85μg/g)及华北克拉通内碱性系列岩石的稀土总量平均值(163.32μg/g)都非常接近。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线整体右倾,因Eu负异常而呈"V"型形态,与太行山-大兴安岭地区早白垩世典型岩体的稀土配分型式极为相似。侵入岩的成因类型为A-型,形成于伸展构造环境。     

重组酵母法测评Fenton反应中激素活性变化关系

环境内分泌干扰物的污染已成为环境领域广泛关注的研究领域.文章利用重组基因酵母菌检系统评测雌二醇(E2)在非均相Fenton光催化高级氧化降解过程中的激素活性变化.色谱质谱解析中间产物的结构,很好地解释了该非均相Fenton催化氧化过程不仅可以降低E2浓度,而且可以降低母体和中间产物的雌激素活性,对水体的安全处理具有重要...     

石墨烯改性Al-MCM-41介孔分子筛负载铁芬顿催化剂降解苯酚

采用高温回流法将石墨烯(gh)掺杂于Al-MCM-41介孔分子筛中,通过浸渍法制备了石墨烯改性Al-MCM-41介孔分子筛负载铁芬顿催化剂(gh-Al-MCM-41-Fe),利用比表面仪、扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱(SEM-EDX)对催化剂进行了表征,考察了不同p H条件下该催化剂对苯酚的催化降解效能.结果表明,gh-Al-MCM-41-Fe催化剂具有介孔结构,表明颗粒分布均匀,石墨烯的掺杂减小了颗粒粒径,与多种催化剂(非介孔Al2O3-Cu Al2O4、介孔Al2O3-Cu、介孔Al2O3-Fe、介孔Al-MCM-41-Fe)相比,gh-Al-MCM-41-Fe具有最高的苯酚催化降解效能,反应符合一级反应特征,石墨烯的掺杂能明显提高苯酚降解率和COD去除率,减少铁的溶出,拓宽p H范围,当p H值为3—5,反应90 min,COD去除率达到60%以上.     

FeY催化剂光助Fenton法降解亚甲基蓝染料废水

文章以NaY分子筛为载体,通过离子交换法制备FeY催化剂,并对其在非均相光-Fenton体系中催化降解亚甲基蓝染料废水进行了研究,考察其催化降解性能、重复性和再生性。结果表明,在反应温度为25℃、FeY催化剂投加量为1 g/L、H2O2浓度为4 mmol/L、pH为4、UV光照射60 min时,非均相体系对染料废水的脱色率和COD去除率分别达到97%和84%。通过比较发现,相对于黑暗条件,太阳光和UV光都能显著提高降解效率,并且两种光源效果相当。FeY催化剂比均相催化剂具有更高的催化活性,并且脱附率低,重复性较好,经500℃焙烧2 h的再生催化剂对染料废水的脱色率和COD去除率均可达原来的90%以上。     

非均质煤样细观力学特性的双轴压缩数值模拟

煤的微观结构特征对煤的力学特性起着重要作用。为了更加真实准确地研究非均质煤样的细观力学特性,首先通过扫描电镜(SEM)获取煤样放大8 000倍的微观结构图像;然后采用数字图像处理技术对SEM图像进行处理,构建能反映煤样较为真实结构特征的CAD矢量结构模型,并将其导入颗粒流离散元软件(PFC)建立符合煤样结构特征的数值模型;最后开展了煤样细观力学特性的双轴压缩颗粒流数值模拟。结果表明:煤作为一种混合物,它所包含的矿物质和微孔裂隙对其力学性能有重要作用;应力应变曲线有明显的峰值转折点,可以分为弹性阶段、应变软化阶段和残余阶段;煤样在双轴压缩条件下产生的宏观裂纹主要受拉伸力影响,其破裂形态不规则;在应力峰值位置附近,裂纹的增长速率最快,此时的颗粒体间平均接触力也最大,能够达到3.25×10⁸N;另外随围压和加载速率增大,应力-应变曲线形式基本保持不变,但轴向应力峰值及裂纹数逐渐增加;应力峰值对应的轴向应变与围压无确定的规律,而与加载速率呈正比关系。     

Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species

Abstract: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species was increasingly used during the 1980s to assess the conservation status of species for policy and planning purposes. This use stimulated the development of a new set of quantitative criteria for listing species in the categories of threat: critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable. These criteria, which were intended to be applicable to all species except microorganisms, were part of a broader system for classifying threatened species and were fully implemented by IUCN in 2000. The system and the criteria have been widely used by conservation practitioners and scientists and now underpin one indicator being used to assess the Convention on Biological Diversity 2010 biodiversity target. We describe the process and the technical background to the IUCN Red List system. The criteria refer to fundamental biological processes underlying population decline and extinction. But given major differences between species, the threatening processes affecting them, and the paucity of knowledge relating to most species, the IUCN system had to be both broad and flexible to be applicable to the majority of described species. The system was designed to measure the symptoms of extinction risk, and uses 5 independent criteria relating to aspects of population loss and decline of range size. A species is assigned to a threat category if it meets the quantitative threshold for at least one criterion. The criteria and the accompanying rules and guidelines used by IUCN are intended to increase the consistency, transparency, and validity of its categorization system, but it necessitates some compromises that affect the applicability of the system and the species lists that result. In particular, choices were made over the assessment of uncertainty, poorly known species, depleted species, population decline, restricted ranges, and rarity; all of these affect the way red lists should be viewed and used. Processes related to priority setting and the development of national red lists need to take account of some assumptions in the formulation of the criteria.     

多相光催化反应器中紫外光辐射能分布的研究

研究了多相光催化反应器中紫外光辐射能量的分布 ,其测试系统主要为光导纤维 光栅光谱仪 .结果表明 ,紫外光辐射相对能量在多相光催化反应器中轴向和径向的分布是不均匀的 ,轴向的能量分布是中轴处能量最大 ,远离中轴能量逐渐减弱 ;径向的能量分布是随着径向远离光源而逐渐减弱 .光催化剂对紫外光辐射能的吸收和阻挡作用较大 ,微孔曝气对光辐射能量的衰减影响较小 .光辐射相对能量衰减可用一指数方程表示     

地铁站异质人群疏散折返行为模拟分析

为了解折返行为对异质人群的疏散影响,应用Pathfinder软件对地铁站异质人群突发状况下疏散折返行为进行研究。对人员面对不同情景时的折返意向进行调研,分析了疏散楼梯宽度、折返人员比例、折返位置、列车到站数量、折返人员类型等对地铁站疏散速率以及疏散时间的影响。研究结果表明:折返比例、折返距离和难度与稳定疏散期疏散速率呈负相关,与疏散时间呈正相关,疏散楼梯宽度倍数则反之;地铁站停靠的列车数量与疏散时间呈正相关;肩越窄、运动速度越快,稳定疏散期的疏散速率越大、整体疏散时间短。