铁铜催化剂非均相Fenton降解苯酚及机制研究

通过浸渍法制备了负载于活性炭(AC)上的金属催化剂Fe/AC、Cu/AC和Fe-Cu/AC,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、物理吸附仪及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其进行了表征.研究了非均相Fenton反应催化H2O2降解苯酚废水的工艺参数,并通过中间产物分析和电子自旋共振谱(ESR)探讨了过程反应机制.实验表明,Cu/AC催化剂中铜主要以CuO形式存在,Fe/AC中铁以多价态形式存在,以无定形形态分散于活性炭中.Fe/AC、Cu/AC和Fe-Cu/AC催化过氧化氢降解苯酚60 min内降解率分别达到96.7%、77.5%和99%;Cu/AC和Fe-Cu/AC催化剂中活性组分铜和铁有一定溶出,而Fe/AC中活性组分铁溶出很少,苯酚降解主要是以非均相催化为主,同时在三轮循环实验后的苯酚降解率仍然高达93%以上,显示了良好的催化稳定性.在优化条件pH=3、T=303 K及初始H2O2为4.38 mmol.L-1下,Fe/AC催化过氧化氢对苯酚和TOC去除率分别达到97%和53%,没有催化剂时苯酚几乎不降解.ESR结果表明Fe/AC催化过氧化氢产生了羟基自由基,证明苯酚降解是以羟基自由基氧化为主;通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测苯酚降解中间产物主要有邻苯二酚、对苯二酚和对苯醌,推测苯酚降解途径主要为邻位和对位的羟基取代反应.     

地下水位波动及降水对原油在非均质土层中重分布的影响

为研究原油泄漏后在非均质土层中的重分布过程及影响因素,建立3种不同组合的非均质土层物理模型（编号分别为L-a、L-b、L-c）进行原油泄漏后重分布过程的室内模拟,分别代表局部非渗透性透镜体（浅层泄漏）、大面积弱渗透性粉质亚黏土（内部泄漏）和土层界面（浅层泄漏）存在条件.待原油重力渗透稳定后分别进行升降水位和降水的模拟试验,由PET聚酯膜绘制、CCD相机拍摄和基于CMYK的灰度分析等图像采集和分析法获得平面运移分布图、纵剖面灰度变化图,采用风干法和紫外分光光度法获得采样点含水率和含油率对比图,分析原油泄漏后在非均质土层中的运移规律.结果表明:①在水位波动下,局部非渗透性透镜体和大面积粉质亚黏土弱透水层可有效截获原油,使原油在其左右及上侧大量聚集;3组试验中原油的重分布过程以垂向运移为主,但在粗-细界面和细-粗界面会因油水驱替和毛细压力导致其部分横向运移.②模拟降水时,受到淋滤和水位波动的综合效应,原油油聚区不能在短时间内随水位线移动,体现其滞后性;在模拟降水结束后油聚区大量分布于水位线位置和细-粗界面处;降水对土壤中的原油具一定稀释作用.③L-a和L-c组表层泄漏的原油分布面积（分别为800、538 cm2）较大,采样点含油率极差（分别为6.23%、6.80%）较大;而L-b组内部泄漏的原油分布面积（235 cm2）较小,采样点含油率极差（2.99%）较小.研究显示,地下水位波动及降水对非均质土层中原油的周期性聚集和释放有一定影响,尤其是局部非渗透性透镜体、大面积弱渗透性粉质亚黏土及岩性界面存在土层中影响更大.      

石化行业竣工环保验收中废气监测研究

在石化行业建设项目竣工环境保护验收中,废气监测是一项重要的监测内容。验收监测时要按照相应标准和大气导则设置相关监测点位。根据石化行业废气排放的主要来源和特点,给出有组织排放废气和无组织排放废气监测布点方法。但在实际布点中由于存在一些客观的原因,使得废气监测布点不能按照相应的标准和导则规范或是其他的技术文件进行。针对布点过程中存在的相关问题,提出废气验收监测时应注意的问题并给出相关建议。     

纳米磁铁矿/生物质炭催化对Fenton氧化降解苯酚的增强机理

以生物质炭负载纳米磁铁矿(nMBC)作为催化剂,采用非均相Fenton反应体系对模拟苯酚废水进行氧化降解处理研究,确定n MBC—Fenton法处理苯酚废水的最佳工艺条件,并揭示其强化机理。实验结果表明:对于质量浓度为50 mg/L的苯酚废水,其最佳降解条件为温度为45℃,pH为3.0,H_2O_2浓度为5 mmol/L,nMBC用量为2.0 g/L。反应进行20 min后,苯酚去除率可达约100%。nMBC剂量、废水初始pH和温度等因素均对处理效果有较大影响,其中pH决定苯酚去除率,而nMBC剂量是影响降解速率的主要因素。此外,nMBC—Fenton法催化氧化降解苯酚过程符合准一级动力学反应(R~2>0.97)。     

蛭石类芬顿催化氧化降解紫丁香醇的研究

以蛭石为催化剂,通过激光粒度仪和电子扫描电镜对研磨蛭石进行粒径和形貌分析,研究蛭石类Fenton催化剂降解造纸废水中木质素模拟物紫丁香醇的特性,调查了催化剂研磨制备条件和相关反应条件,如蛭石投加量、初始p H值、H2O2用量、紫丁香醇溶液初始浓度等对紫丁香醇去除率的影响,同时还讨论了紫丁香醇降解过程中的动力学,结果表明:紫丁香醇降解效果随研磨时间的增加而增加,20 min后,蛭石平均粒径6.9μm,基本效果不变;蛭石投加量为1.6 g/L,p H=3,双氧水为1.0 Q_(th)(Q_(th)为理论为量),紫丁香醇的浓度为50 mg/L的条件下,反应60 min后,紫丁香醇去除率基本可达100%,TOC去除率也可达到83.3%;蛭石类芬顿催化氧化降解紫丁香醇过程符合准一级动力学模型。     

Effects of Errors and Gaps in Spatial Data Sets on Assessment of Conservation Progress

Data on the location and extent of protected areas, ecosystems, and species’ distributions are essential for determining gaps in biodiversity protection and identifying future conservation priorities. However, these data sets always come with errors in the maps and associated metadata. Errors are often overlooked in conservation studies, despite their potential negative effects on the reported extent of protection of species and ecosystems. We used 3 case studies to illustrate the implications of 3 sources of errors in reporting progress toward conservation objectives: protected areas with unknown boundaries that are replaced by buffered centroids, propagation of multiple errors in spatial data, and incomplete protected‐area data sets. As of 2010, the frequency of protected areas with unknown boundaries in the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) caused the estimated extent of protection of 37.1% of the terrestrial Neotropical mammals to be overestimated by an average 402.8% and of 62.6% of species to be underestimated by an average 10.9%. Estimated level of protection of the world's coral reefs was 25% higher when using recent finer‐resolution data on coral reefs as opposed to globally available coarse‐resolution data. Accounting for additional data sets not yet incorporated into WDPA contributed up to 6.7% of additional protection to marine ecosystems in the Philippines. We suggest ways for data providers to reduce the errors in spatial and ancillary data and ways for data users to mitigate the effects of these errors on biodiversity assessments. Efectos de Errores y Vacíos en Conjuntos de Datos Espaciales sobre la Evaluación del Progreso de la Conservación     

Effect of Environmental Setting on Sediment, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Concentrations in Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin, North Carolina and Virginia, USA

/ Environmental settings were defined, through an overlay process, as areas of coincidence between categories of three mapped variables\Mland use, surficial geology, and soil drainage characteristics. Expert judgment was used in selecting factors thought to influence sediment and nutrient concentrations in the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage area. This study's findings support the hypothesis that environmental settings defined using these three variables can explain variations in the concentration of certain sediment and nutrient constituents. This finding underscores the importance of developing watershed management plans that account for differences associated with the mosaic of natural and anthropogenic factors that define a basin's environmental setting. At least in the case of sediment and nutrients in the Albemarle-Pamlico region, a watershed management plan that focuses only on anthropogenic factors, such as point-source discharges, and does not account for natural characteristics of a watershed and the influences of these characteristics on water quality, may lead to water-quality goals that are over- or underprotective of key environmental features and to a misallocation of the resources available for environmental protection.KEY WORDS: Environmental setting; Water quality; Watershed management; Nutrients; Sediment     

臭氧多相催化氧化处理微污染水中试研究

通过中试系统初步比较了非均相催化剂催化臭氧化与传统中间臭氧化在饮用水深度处理中的净化效能.结果表明,对有机物污染宏观指标CODMn、TOC的控制,催化臭氧化具有明显优势,降低了后续处理工艺的有机物负荷;催化臭氧化与中间臭氧化对UV254的去除率相当;催化剂能够强化臭氧氧化,使其进一步去除水中持久性有毒有害有机物,并且显著地提高了臭氧氧化氨氮生成硝酸盐氮的能力,催化剂也强化了臭氧的传质与利用.     

房间开门形式对人员疏散的影响分析

采用计算机数值模拟软件FDS+Evac,对房间开门形式对人员疏散的影响进行分析。建立疏散模型,房间人员密度设置3种情况,着重研究了7种开门形式条件下人员疏散过程。研究表明,房间开门总宽度一定时,只设置一道门,疏散效率最高。当房间需要满足设置两道门时,门应尽量设置在房间的两对边墙上,这样疏散效率较高。两道门设置在房间相邻边墙上时最不利于人员疏散。研究结果为房间开门的设计提供了参考依据。     

基于“O”型冒落的Y型通风采空区气体分布特征

为了掌握Y型通风采空区气体的分布规律,进一步为采空区瓦斯及火灾防治工作提供理论依据,基于采空区“O”型冒落压实和遗煤耗氧的非均匀性,针对Y型通风系统建立非均质采空区内气体渗流数值模型,采用Fluent数值模拟软件对采空区漏风流场和各组分气体浓度场进行模拟分析。结果显示:瓦斯和氧气浓度场在Y型通风采空区内大致呈“L”形分布;风流集中由工作面上、下隅角进入采空区;沿空留巷侧的瓦斯浓度高于运输巷侧,而氧气浓度却恰恰相反;两进一回的Y型通风方式能有效解决瓦斯在工作面上隅角积聚的问题;在采空区深部靠沿空留巷侧存在一个扇形的高瓦斯浓度区域,而该区域氧气浓度较低;采空区自燃危险区域在运输巷侧分布更广,应适当采取防火措施。