Cytogenotoxicity and histopathological assessment of Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758)

The cytogenotoxicity and histopathological alterations induced by xenobiotics in Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River on Synodontis clarias were investigated. Fish from these water bodies and a fish farm (control) were examined for micronucleated, binucleated, and immature erythrocytes in both gill and peripheral blood. Also gill, liver, kidney, and ovary were processed for histopathology using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Concentrations of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in the water were determined. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in micronucleated, binucleated, and immature erythrocytes in both gill and peripheral blood of S. clarias from the lagoon and river compared to the reference site. Loss and disorganization of the primary and secondary lamellae, multifocal degeneration, hemorrhages, cellular infiltration, congestions, vacuolations, atresia, and necrosis were common lesions in the examined tissues of fish from the lagoon and river. Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in water samples from the lagoon and river were higher than the reference site. Xenobiotics in Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River, mostly metals, induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and pathological damage in S. clarias.     

高效液相色谱法测定水中的六种邻苯二甲酸酯研究

建立了高效液相色谱法测定水中六种邻苯二甲酸酯(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻笨二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯)的检测方法.对水样中邻苯二甲酸酯的萃取条件和高效液相色谱分析条件进行优化,采用正己烷二次萃取,浓缩定容后分析,以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,紫外检测波长226 nm,16 min可将六种邻苯二甲酸酯分离出.方法的检出限为0.13μg/L ～0.37 μg/L,加标回收率为78.6％～118.5％,相对标准偏差为0.82％～2.17％,是一种理想的测定水中六种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法.     

耐盐复合菌剂强化生物工艺处理高盐废水的快速启动

从城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中驯化分离出2株耐盐高效菌：地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis ）O1和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）Y5制备复合菌剂,用于高盐生活污水生物处理工艺快速启动研究。研究表明,在SBR系统中连续投加复合菌剂（制备的配比为1∶1）,在30 d完成快速启动（TOC去除率>85%）,并且在整个启动过程中,TOC的去除率都能够稳定保持在80%左右,而负载复合菌剂填料的投入可获得更稳定的出水水质。通过高通量测序与OTU分类,高盐废水的配入使得活性污泥微生物群落结构发生显著改变,并且在工艺启动后,所投加的耐盐高效菌O1和Y5在活性污泥微生物总量中所占比例由1.31%升高至6.13%,说明O1和Y5能够在小试SBR中长期存留,并逐渐成为优势种属之一。     

长期施肥对土壤有机质积累的影响

20年的NPK施肥定位试验,有利于深刻揭示土壤肥力特征与营养平衡规律。以位于黄淮海平原的中国科学院禹城综合试验站为例,探讨和估算了长期定量施肥对冬小麦（TriticuspaestvumL．）、夏玉米（ZeaMaysL．）生长和土壤有机质（SOM）的影响。结果表明,长期的N、P肥配施或N、P、K均衡施肥,可显著增加SOM储量,并且后者要优于前者;SOM增加主要集中在0-20cm深度的土层,40-60cm基本不变;生物量对SOM储量变化影响明显,NPK,NP处理作物生长良好,作物残体输人明显优于其他处理;0-40cm可以代表该区用以计算土壤固碳潜力,并且在N、P、K均衡施肥条件下,0-40cm土层中SOM储量长期以来持续增加,并未达到上限,每年的平均固碳速率（以C计）达182．8kg·hm-1,约是全球平均水平的1．5倍,全国平均水平的1．1倍。华北平原若按N、P、K均衡施肥,农田土壤每年固碳潜力将达到1．6-2．4Tg·a-1。     

微生物燃料电池在高盐榨菜废水处理中的产电性能

基于双室微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cells,MFCs）,以高盐榨菜废水为燃料,考察了电池的运行状况,同时探讨了盐度变化对电池产电性能影响,并通过投加甜菜碱研究其对MFCs系统抵抗盐度负荷冲击能力的影响。结果表明：MFCs稳定运行时（阳极室容积80 mL）,最大功率密度、开路电压和电池内阻分别为3.55 W·m-3、0.698 V和427 Ω;底物中添加2 mmol·L-1甜菜碱后电池产电性能得到明显提升;当废水含盐量（增加到5 g·L-1 NaCl）为31.2 g·L-1时电池产电性能达到最佳,但是继续增高盐度后电池产电性能会急剧下降;投加甜菜碱有助于提高系统抵抗盐度负荷变化造成的冲击,维持电池的产电输出。     

典型进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性及其影响因素

为了解我国进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性,以某检测机构的5种再生塑料颗粒PP、PE、PS、PET和ABS为研究对象,研究不同温度、不同接触时间和不同模拟液等条件下,再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性。结果表明,在25、40、70 ℃这3种温度下,PP、PE、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒中重金属铬、铅、锰、镉、汞和铜的溶出量随着温度的升高而增加,PS中重金属浓度随温度升高变化不大;随着接触时间的增长,样品中的6种重金属Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、Hg溶出量增长趋势由快至慢,5种再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cr的溶出浓度最高;PE、PS、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒在4种模拟液中重金属溶出量大小整体呈现出：50%乙酸>3%乙酸>10%乙醇>95%乙醇,但PP再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cu在3%乙酸中的溶出量比10%乙醇中的多。本研究结果可为建立塑料接触材料及制品中重金属溶出量的标准方法提供依据。     

水稻“早育间作”技术与结果分析

本文以提高光热资源利用率、人工改变秧田微气候条件，提早中稻播期为突破口，辅之以提早移栽期和间种优质懦稻等系列配套技术措施，促成了前季中稻的早熟、高产、早收，同时又为后季再生稻创造了必要的时间和温光条件，从而使水稻单产提高２０％以上。     

Control of upland bank erosion through tidal marsh construction on restored shores: Application in the maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay

During the period of 1972 through 1993, Environmental Concern Inc. (EC) and its recent (1989) affiliate Environmental Construction Company (ECC) have completed 216 marsh construction projects to control upland bank erosion in tributaries of the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay. Of these projects, 26 have involved marsh construction on unaltered existing shores and 190 have utilized marsh construction on shores that have been restored to former increased elevations through shoreline filling and grading. This paper describes the latter restoration technique. Throughout the 21-year period of applying the technique for long-term upland bank erosion control, refinements to the design standards and criteria for site suitability have been made so as to optimize its successful application. As a result of this experience, a reliable bioengineering restoration technique has evolved to control upland bank erosion. This paper describes the details of this successful technique through a review of: (1) its objectives and benefits, (2) suitability of sites for its application, (3) the design of its shore restoration, (4) its construction, (5) its maintenance, and (6) comparison of its cost with those of structural techniques for bank erosion control. Although the technique has only been applied in the Maryland portions of Chesapeake Bay, its applicability should, with modifications, be broadly applicable to all water bodies.