絮凝--催化氧化法处理造纸中段废水

以聚合氯化铝（PAC）为絮凝剂,Fe^2＋／H2O2（Fenton试剂）为催化／氧化剂,采用絮凝-催化氧化法处理造纸中段废水。探讨了影响COD去除率的各种因素,确定了最佳的絮凝和催化氧化条件。研究结果表明：该法可使原水COD从1728mg／L降至52mg／L,废水COD与色度的去除率分别可达97．0％与98．5％,出水清澈透明,可以回收利用,为造纸废水的处理提供了新的技术方案。     

Metallic wastewater treatment by sulfate reduction using anaerobic rotating biological contactor reactor under high metal loading conditions

An-RBC reactor is highly suited to treat metallic wastewater. Metal removal is due to sulfide precipitation via sulfate reduction by SRB. Cu(II) removal was the best among the different heavy metals. Maximum metal removal is achieved at low metal loading condition. Metal removal matched well with the solubility product values of respective metal sulfide salts. This study was aimed at investigating the performance of anaerobic rotating biological contactor reactor treating synthetic wastewater containing a mixture of heavy metals under sulfate reducing condition. Statistically valid factorial design of experiments was carried out to understand the dynamics of metal removal using this bioreactor system. Copper removal was maximum (>98%), followed by other heavy metals at their respective low inlet concentrations. Metal loading rates less than 3.7 mg/L?h in case of Cu(II); less than 1.69 mg/L?h for Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Fe(III) and Cd(II) are favorable to the performance of the An-RBC reactor. Removal efficiency of the heavy metals from mixture depended on the metal species and their inlet loading concentrations. Analysis of metal precipitates formed in the sulfidogenic bioreactor by field emission scanning electron microscopy along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) confirmed metal sulfide precipitation by SRB. All these results clearly revealed that the attached growth biofilm bioreactor is well suited for heavy metal removal from complex mixture.     

HEPA空气净化器对学校室内颗粒物的净化效果研究

为了解HEPA（high efficiency particle air filter,高效空气过滤器）空气净化器在小学教室和寝室的净化效果,于2019年3—4月在北京市一所全寄宿小学开展了一项HEPA空气净化器的交叉干预研究.记录干预组、非干预组室内和室外PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的浓度,计算空气净化器的净化率;采用多元线性回归模型探索净化效果的影响因素.结果表明:①空气净化器对PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的净化率分别为41.3%〔Q_l~Q_u（下四分位数~上四分位数,下同）:0~53.1%〕、40.7%（10.5%~46.2%）和34.9%（9.6%~40.3%）,其中对PM_2.5的净化率最高;寝室的净化率高于教室的净化率.②当室外PM_2.5浓度为[115,150）μg/m3时对PM_2.5的净化率最高,为52.83%（50.26%~56.13%）,PM₁₀和PM₁亦有类似结果.③多元线性回归分析表明,室外PM_2.5浓度 < 35 μg/m3时,开门通风和室内人员活动分别使室内PM_2.5浓度下降3.73 μg/m3〔95%置信区间（95% CI）:（0.60 μg/m3,6.86 μg/m3）〕和升高3.4 μg/m3（0.22 μg/m3,6.58 μg/m3）;室外PM_2.5浓度为[35,150）μg/m3时,空气净化器使室内PM_2.5浓度下降33.36 μg/m3（16.47 μg/m3,50.25 μg/m3）;室外PM_2.5浓度≥150 μg/m3时,空气净化器和开门通风分别使室内PM_2.5浓度下降48.87 μg/m3（25.62 μg/m3,72.12 μg/m3）和升高37.65 μg/m3（5.60 μg/m3,69.69 μg/m3）.研究显示:空气净化器可同时降低室内PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的浓度;当室外PM_2.5浓度 < 35 μg/m3时,不需开启空气净化器;当室外PM_2.5浓度为[35,150）μg/m3时,空气净化器有较好的净化效果,偶尔开窗通风不影响空气净化器的净化效果;当室外PM_2.5浓度≥150 μg/m3时,开启空气净化器时应关闭门窗,以免影响其净化效果.      

新疆且末地区沙尘暴过程中空气细菌群落结构变化的比较

采集新疆且末地区沙尘暴空气微生物样品,揭示沙尘暴前期、中期和后期细菌多样性和群落结构差异,为沙尘暴灾害预警提供依据.采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,研究其菌群组成、丰度、优势菌群及与环境因子的相关性.新疆且末地区沙尘暴空气样品中共获得740364条有效序列,聚类为156个可操作分类单元（Operational Taxononmic Units）,包括9个门,87个属.门水平上,丰度最高为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,80.52%）,其次为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,20.96%）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria,5.84%）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,2.63%）;在属水平上,优势属为不动杆菌属（Actinobacteria）、假单胞菌属（Pseuodomonas）、鞘氨醇宝盒菌属（Sphingobacterium）、海洋杆菌属（Ponibacter）.沙尘暴中期空气细菌的Chao 1（135.013）、ACE（130.424）、Shannon（2.614）指数均高于沙尘暴前期和沙尘暴后期空气细菌多样性数值（p<0.01）.沙尘暴空气细菌主成分分析表明,不同时期的细菌群落组成差异显著.冗余分析表明,湿度和气压可能与沙尘暴空气细菌多样性呈正相关,与经度、维度、海拔和温度呈负相关.新疆且末地区沙尘暴中蕴藏着丰富的细菌资源,沙尘暴前中后期空气微生物菌落结构和物种多样性差异显著.     

磁场强化曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

本研究采用普通陶粒、普通陶粒外加静态磁场（50 mT）和磁性陶粒（2.5 mT和5 mT）曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水,对比研究了不同类型和强度的磁场强化下曝气生物滤池的硝化反硝化效果,并通过分子生物学手段系统分析了磁场强化硝化反硝化的微生物学机理.结果表明,随着氨氮浓度增加,磁场强化下曝气生物滤池硝化反硝化效果显著高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池.当氨氮浓度提高到400 mg·L^-1时,磁场强化曝气生物滤池（磁性陶粒和外加静态磁场）的氨氮去除率大于97%,高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池的氨氮去除率（88%）;磁场强度为2.5 mT的磁性陶粒曝气生物滤池的总氮去除率达到67%,显著高于其他3个曝气生物滤池（p<0.05）（分别为55%、54%和55%）.分子生物学检测结果表明,2.5 mT磁场强度的磁性陶粒上生物膜的硝化反硝化酶活性和功能基因丰度大幅提高,硝化反硝化细菌的丰度及多样性显著增加.     

蛋白类有机质在水厂各处理单元中的去除特性

蛋白类有机质（pDOM）广泛存在于天然水体中,是非常重要的含氮消毒副产物前驱物.近年来,其在饮用水处理过程中的去除和控制逐渐受到广泛关注.本文以两个实际饮用水厂不同工段进出水为研究对象,通过高效尺寸排阻色谱联合紫外、荧光及有机碳检测器的分析方法,对水样中pDOM不同分子量组分的去除特性及变化规律进行探究.同时,选取混凝和活性炭吸附两种水处理技术进行小试实验,进一步探究pDOM组分在常规处理单元的去除规律.结果表明,pDOM在不同水处理单元具有不同的去除特性,预氧化能够有效分解类色氨酸和类酪氨酸型高分子组分,且随着氧化剂氧化作用增强,更多的高分子组分被氧化分解为小分子,但一些分子量较大的脂肪族蛋白等组分则难以被氧化分解;混凝沉淀对高分子组分有良好去除效果,尤其是类色氨酸型pDOM,且混凝过程可能存在一定量pDOM组分的释放,多为小分子及疏水性组分;活性炭过滤易去除分子量较低及疏水性较强的组分,但炭砂滤池长期运行可能存在微生物滋生,因此造成出水部分pDOM组分浓度增加;紫外消毒在一定程度上提高了小分子组分的去除效率.由于实际水厂运行过程中水质条件变化复杂且微生物活动不可控,故各处理单元对pDOM的去除并没有展现协同作用.且相比于腐殖质类物质,pDOM组分受水质变化影响较大,从整体工艺流程来看,去除效果有限.因此在水厂未来运行中,应加强进出水中pDOM各组分的监测,及时对各处理单元运行参数进行调整,同时考虑结合臭氧-生物活性炭工艺,或增加纳滤等膜过滤单元,严格控制pDOM组分的去除.     

Effects of connectivity and spatial resolution of analyses on conservation prioritization across large extents

The outcome of analyses that prioritize locations for conservation on the basis of distributions of species, land cover, or other elements is influenced by the spatial resolution of data used in the analyses. We explored the influence of data resolution on prioritization of Finnish forests with Zonation, a software program that ranks the priority of cells in a landscape for conservation. We used data on the distribution of different forest types that were aggregated to nine different resolutions ranging from 0.1 × 0.1 km to 25.6 × 25.6 km. We analyzed data at each resolution with two variants of Zonation that had different criteria for prioritization, with and without accounting for connectivity and with and without adjustment for the effect on the analysis of edges between areas at the project boundary and adjacent areas for which data do not exist. Spatial overlap of the 10% of cells ranked most highly when data were analyzed at different resolutions varied approximately from 15% to 60% and was greatest among analyses with similar resolutions. Inclusion of connectivity or edge adjustment changed the location of areas that were prioritized for conservation. Even though different locations received high priority for conservation in analyses with and without accounting for connectivity, accounting for connectivity did not reduce the representation of different forest types. Inclusion of connectivity influenced most the outcome of fine-resolution analyses because the connectivity extents that we based on dispersal distances of typical forest species were small. When we kept the area set aside for conservation constant, representation of the forest types increased as resolution increased. We do not think it is necessary to avoid use of high-resolution data in spatial conservation prioritization. Our results show that large extent, fine-resolution analyses are computationally feasible, and we suggest they can give more flexibility to implementation of well-connected reserve networks.     

高强度开采地表裂缝分布特征及形成机理分析

高强度开采引起的地表裂缝严重破坏矿区生态环境,对矿井的安全生产造成很大隐患。为了掌握高强度开采地表裂缝形成机理,以神东矿区地质采矿条件为基础,通过现场监测和理论分析方法,得到了地表裂缝分布规律及变形参数,分析了矿山高强度开采产生的非连续变形发育分布特征与地质采矿条件之间关系。研究表明:在高强度开采条件下,动态拉伸型地表裂缝随工作面推进而周期性地超前出现,超前距为15m,超前角为83°,裂缝密度1m左右,宽度1~3cm。台阶型裂缝总是出现在开采工作面边界的上下方、停采线上方和开切眼附近,裂缝落差20~40cm,间距8~11m,滞后距为4.2m,滞后角为86°。同时指出上覆厚风积沙松散层特性使地表裂缝具有一定的自动修复功能。     

高温环境下不同体力劳动强度对心血管负荷指数影响研究

基于心率变化的心血管负荷指数作为评估人体疲劳程度的指标之一,得到国内外专家学者的广泛研究。为进一步研究高温环境下不同体力劳动强度对心血管负荷指数的影响,探讨高温作业下不同劳动强度人体疲劳程度的变化,分析出不同温度下人体可接受的体力劳动强度。通过采用实验仓模拟不同的高温环境,以心血管负荷指数(%CVL)作为人体疲劳程度的分级指标,最终得到了高温环境下从事不同体力劳动强度的心血管负荷指数回归方程,以及不同高温环境下人体可承受能力下可进行的体力劳动强度,为高温环境劳动者制定合理和健康的作业安排提供科学依据。     

气体钻井突发性井壁失稳动力演化机理及试验研究

从致密砂岩损伤破坏的角度出发,综合考虑致密砂岩的物理力学性质、地应力、裂缝圈闭高压等因素,在分析孔隙压力、地应力、裂缝圈闭高压在突发性井壁失稳过程中所起的作用基础上,将气体钻井突发性井壁失稳具有强烈时间效应的动态力学过程分为孕育、突变、井筒运移和终止4个阶段。对裂缝圈闭高压、地应力作用下致密砂岩的加速损伤演化引起的突发性井壁失稳机理进行了阐述,裂缝圈闭高压是突发性井壁失稳的主要动力源,地应力对突发性井壁失稳起辅助作用。通过模拟实验表明,受地应力破坏后的致密砂岩岩体在有裂缝情况下,卸压初始时刻释放的能量是无裂缝时的5~10倍,且该能量与动力学失稳密切相关。