Carbon dioxide emissions from cities in China based on high resolution emission gridded data

Based on the China high resolution emission gridded data (1 km spatial resolution), this article is aimed to create a Chinese city carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission data set using consolidated data sources as well as normalized and standardized data processing methods. Standard methods were used to calculate city CO₂ emissions, including scope 1 and scope 2. Cities with higher CO₂ emissions are mostly in north, northeast, and eastern coastal areas. Cities with lower CO₂ emissions are in the western region. Cites with higher CO₂ emissions are clustered in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region (such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan), and the Yangtze River Delta region (such as Shanghai and Suzhou). The city per capita CO₂ emission is larger in the north than the south. There are obvious aggregations of cities with high per capita CO₂ emission in the north. Four cities among the top 10 per capita emissions (Erdos, Wuhai, Shizuishan, and Yinchuan) cluster in the main coal production areas of northern China. This indicates the significant impact of coal resources endowment on city industry and CO₂ emissions. The majority (77%) of cities have annual CO₂ emissions below 50 million tons. The mean annual emission, among all cities, is 37 million tons. Emissions from service-based cities, which include the smallest number of cities, are the highest. Industrial cities are the largest category and the emission distribution from these cities is close to the normal distribution. Emissions and degree of dispersion, in the other cities (excluding industrial cities and service-based cities), are in the lowest level. Per capita CO₂ emissions in these cities are generally below 20 t/person (89%) with a mean value of 11 t/person. The distribution interval of per capita CO₂ emission within industrial cities is the largest among the three city categories. This indicates greater differences among per capita CO₂ emissions of industrial cities. The distribution interval of per capita CO₂ emission of other cities is the lowest, indicating smaller differences of per capita CO₂ emissions among this city category. Three policy suggestions are proposed: first, city CO₂ emission inventory data in China should be increased, especially for prefecture level cities. Second, city responsibility for emission reduction, and partitioning the national goal should be established, using a bottom-up approach based on specific CO₂ emission levels and potential for emission reductions in each city. Third, comparative and benchmarking research on city CO₂ emissions should be conducted, and a Top Runner system of city CO₂ emission reduction should be established.     

A Comprehensive Python Toolkit for Accessing High‐Throughput Computing to Support Large Hydrologic Modeling Tasks

The National Flood Interoperability Experiment (NFIE) was an undertaking that initiated a transformation in national hydrologic forecasting by providing streamflow forecasts at high spatial resolution over the whole country. This type of large‐scale, high‐resolution hydrologic modeling requires flexible and scalable tools to handle the resulting computational loads. While high‐throughput computing (HTC) and cloud computing provide an ideal resource for large‐scale modeling because they are cost‐effective and highly scalable, nevertheless, using these tools requires specialized training that is not always common for hydrologists and engineers. In an effort to facilitate the use of HTC resources the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded project, CI‐WATER, has developed a set of Python tools that can automate the tasks of provisioning and configuring an HTC environment in the cloud, and creating and submitting jobs to that environment. These tools are packaged into two Python libraries: CondorPy and TethysCluster. Together these libraries provide a comprehensive toolkit for accessing HTC to support hydrologic modeling. Two use cases are described to demonstrate the use of the toolkit, including a web app that was used to support the NFIE national‐scale modeling.     

盐析分相微萃取—高效液相色谱法测定水中含氯除草剂

采用盐析分相微萃取—高效液相色谱法同时测定水中3种含氯除草剂,建立并优化了反相离子对液相色谱条件,考察了萃取剂种类、盐析剂的种类和加入量及试样pH对萃取效果的影响。对氯苯氧乙酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-滴丁酯的质量浓度在0.1~100.0mg/L内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数不低于0.9992。平均回收率分别为96.29%、79.16%和70.21%,相对标准偏差小于5.3%。该方法操作简便、绿色环保,适合于水中含氯除草剂的测定。     

高电压电容吸附法处理模拟含盐废水

针对电容吸附除盐法的缺点,通过对电极进行绝缘处理,开发了一种新型高电压电容吸附除盐技术。实验结果表明：增大外加电压,有利于除盐效率的提高;外加电压为60V时,NaCl去除率可达90%以上;增大废水流速对吸附效果不利;反应温度对处理效果的影响不大;在NaCl质量浓度为80mg/L、外加电压为60V、反应温度为25℃、废水流速为36m/s、反应时间为30min的条件下,经一级处理和二级处理后出水的NaCl质量浓度分别为39mg/L和16mg/L,NaCl去除率分别为51.3%和80.0%。     

钱塘江引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行研究

针对杭州西湖钱塘江引水低碳高氮的特点,提出以改性水草塘—复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)相耦合的生物—生态工艺进行引水处理,对该引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行效果进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,整个稳定运行期间(2012年7月19日至11月19日),耦合工艺对COD、TN、硝酸盐氮、TP的平均去除率分别为52.27%、52.49%、53.69%、52.79%,系统出水满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ标准;改性水草塘和IVCW单元作为耦合工艺的两个重要组成部分,在脱氮、除磷方面优势互补,从而共同保证出水水质的稳定;在改性水草塘单元,温度与COD的去除效果呈负相关关系,进水C/N与TN去除效果呈正相关关系;而在IVCW单元,温度与COD、TN的去除效果均呈线性正相关关系,进水C/N与两者的去除效果也呈正相关关系,且对COD的影响要大于对TN的影响。     

1000 MW燃煤机组电除尘深度节能技术研究及应用

电除尘设备在减少工业粉尘排放量、降低大气环境污染、保护生态环境等方面有着重要的作用,随着我国对节能减排工作的重视及环保要求的提高,保证其安全、稳定、经济、节能运行成为火电厂环保工作重点。对北仓电厂三期2×1000 MW机组电除尘电场供电方式优化、电除尘振打方式优化、电除尘闭环控制技术、电除尘高频电源技术、电除尘灰斗、瓷套蒸汽加热技术组合集成应用进行了研究,在确保除尘效率达到要求的情况下,降低运行电耗。相关的电除尘深度节能技术成果在国内同类型设备中具有一定的借鉴意义。     

新型二氧化铅电极处理染料废水

利用高压塑片法制备掺杂镧和活性炭以及聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的新型二氧化铅电极,采用X衍射(XRD),循环伏安曲线(CV),扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对电极性能进行表征,研究了其电催化处理有机染料废水(亚甲基蓝)的降解效果,并对反应机理进行了相关研究。研究表明,该电极具有良好的抗腐蚀能力,对亚甲基蓝具有较好的降解效果。通过与普通二氧化铅电极比较,该电极在染料脱色和去除COD方面都有较明显优势,显示出较好的工业应用前景。     

UV/Fenton技术处理某工厂高浓度乳化油废水

研究了UV/Fenton技术对高浓度金属清洗乳化油废水的处理效果,考察了亚铁与双氧水浓度、pH、反应时间和搅拌对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,UV/Fenton技术对高浓度乳化油废水(COD平均浓度为35 000 mg/L)具有较高的去除效果,最佳工艺条件为:亚铁与双氧水浓度分别为2 400 mg/L和6 000 mg/L,pH为3,经过2 h反应,COD可降低至1 050 mg/L,去除率为97%。搅拌会降低COD的去除率。研究表明,UV/Fenton技术对高浓度乳化油废水具有很好的降解效果,且药品消耗较低,为目前此类高浓度有机废水的处理提供了技术参考。     

Screening Capsicum chinense fruits for heavy metals bioaccumulation

Elevated concentrations of heavy metals in edible plants could expose consumers to excessive levels of potentially hazardous chemicals. Sixty-three accessions (genotypes) of Capsicum chinense Jacq, collected from 8 countries of origin were grown in a silty-loam soil under field conditions. At maturity, fruits were collected and analyzed for seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mo) concentrations. The main objectives of this investigation were: 1) to determine the concentrations of seven heavy metals in the soil and monitor their accumulation in mature fruits, 2) to categorize the pepper accessions as low or high heavy metal accumulators, and 3) to determine if heavy metal content of the pepper fruit was lower than the permitted limits. Concentrations and relative proportions of heavy metals in pepper fruits of C. chinense varied among accessions. Fruits of Plant Introduction (PI) 355820 accumulated significant concentrations of Cd (0.47 μ g g^?1dry fruit). PI-260522 accumulated the highest concentration of Pb (2.12 μ g g^?1 dry fruit) among the 63 accessions tested. This accession (PI-260522) contained about twice the Pb limit on a fresh weight basis. Among the 63 accessions analyzed, PI-238051 contained the highest levels of Ni (17.2 μ g g^?1). We concluded that high accumulator genotypes may be useful for phytoremediation, while, low accumulator accessions might be appropriate selections for growing on Cd-, Pb-, or Ni-contaminated soils to prevent potential human exposure to heavy metals and health hazards through the food chain.     

Evaluation and validation of two different chromatographic methods (HPLC and LC-MS/MS) for the determination and confirmation of ochratoxin A in pig tissues

This study was undertaken to compare two different analytical methods for the determination and confirmation of ochratoxin A (OTA) in blood serum, kidney and liver of pigs. Sample clean-up was based on liquid-liquid phase extraction. The detection of OTA was accomplished with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined either with fluorescence detection (FL) or electro spray ionization (ESI+) tandem mass spectrometry (MS–MS). Comparative method evaluation was based on the investigation of 90 samples of blood serum, kidney and liver per animal originating from different regions of Serbia. The analytical results are discussed in view of the respective method validation data and the corresponding experimental protocols. In general, analytical data obtained with (LC–MS–MS) liquid chromatography electro spray tandem mass spectro metry detection offered comparable good results at the sub-ppb concentration level. The results indicate that the liquid chromatography electro spray tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was more specific and sensitive for the analysis and confirmation of ochratoxin A in pig tissues then high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method after methylation of OTA.