高效聚合氯化铝对超滤膜污染影响的中试研究

针对某水厂以超滤为核心的短流程水处理工艺,在通过聚氯乙烯(PVC)超滤膜之前选择不同投加量(5、10、15和20 mg/L)的高效聚合氯化铝(HPAC)对长江下游原水进行混凝处理。通过跨膜压差(TMP)增长趋势、CODMn的去除率以及混凝后的水质,可知HPAC的最优投加量为15 mg/L。在此投加量下,运用体积排阻色谱法分析原水、膜前水、膜后水中各相对分子质量有机物的变化,可以发现混凝去除有机物的效果要优于超滤截留的。继而将HPAC与另外4种常用混凝剂:硫酸铝(分析纯)、氯化铁(化学纯)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁进行对比,结果表明,在它们各自最优投加量下,HPAC能够更有效地减缓超滤膜TMP的增长率,从而降低膜污染。因此,认为HPAC是与PVC超滤合金膜契合效果最佳的混凝剂。     

UV/Fenton技术处理某工厂高浓度乳化油废水

研究了UV/Fenton技术对高浓度金属清洗乳化油废水的处理效果,考察了亚铁与双氧水浓度、pH、反应时间和搅拌对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,UV/Fenton技术对高浓度乳化油废水(COD平均浓度为35 000 mg/L)具有较高的去除效果,最佳工艺条件为:亚铁与双氧水浓度分别为2 400 mg/L和6 000 mg/L,pH为3,经过2 h反应,COD可降低至1 050 mg/L,去除率为97%。搅拌会降低COD的去除率。研究表明,UV/Fenton技术对高浓度乳化油废水具有很好的降解效果,且药品消耗较低,为目前此类高浓度有机废水的处理提供了技术参考。     

盐析分相微萃取—高效液相色谱法测定水中含氯除草剂

采用盐析分相微萃取—高效液相色谱法同时测定水中3种含氯除草剂,建立并优化了反相离子对液相色谱条件,考察了萃取剂种类、盐析剂的种类和加入量及试样pH对萃取效果的影响。对氯苯氧乙酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-滴丁酯的质量浓度在0.1~100.0mg/L内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数不低于0.9992。平均回收率分别为96.29%、79.16%和70.21%,相对标准偏差小于5.3%。该方法操作简便、绿色环保,适合于水中含氯除草剂的测定。     

高电压电容吸附法处理模拟含盐废水

针对电容吸附除盐法的缺点,通过对电极进行绝缘处理,开发了一种新型高电压电容吸附除盐技术。实验结果表明：增大外加电压,有利于除盐效率的提高;外加电压为60V时,NaCl去除率可达90%以上;增大废水流速对吸附效果不利;反应温度对处理效果的影响不大;在NaCl质量浓度为80mg/L、外加电压为60V、反应温度为25℃、废水流速为36m/s、反应时间为30min的条件下,经一级处理和二级处理后出水的NaCl质量浓度分别为39mg/L和16mg/L,NaCl去除率分别为51.3%和80.0%。     

高压实新疆阿尔泰膨润土微观结构随吸力变化特征

采用压汞法(MIP)和扫描电镜(SEM)法,在自由和侧限状态下,试验研究了高压实新疆阿尔泰膨润土在不同吸力条件下的微观结构变化特征。吸力的控制采用了气相法和渗析(液相)法。研究结果表明:(1)低吸力范围内,自由膨胀和侧限条件下的高压实膨润土土水特征存在明显差异;(2)膨润土在自由和侧限状态下的水化过程中呈现出了截然不同的微结构变化特征。自由膨胀条件下,土的吸水膨胀量主要来自土中大孔隙的逐渐膨胀。侧限状态下,随着控制吸力的降低,膨润土的大孔隙逐渐被压缩,较小孔隙的数量不断增加,土中孔隙分布变得更加均匀。     

Parental phenols exposure and spontaneous abortion in Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Widespread use of phenols has led to ubiquitous exposure to phenols. In experimental animals, phenols increased resorptions, reduced live litter size and fetal body weights. However, there are limited epidemiological evidences of the relationships between exposure to phenols and pregnancy outcomes. We evaluated the associations between parental urinary levels of various phenols and spontaneous abortion in a Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A case-control study was conducted that included 70 case couples with medically unexplained spontaneous abortion and 180 control couples who did not have a history of spontaneous abortion and had at least one living child. Both parental urinary phenols were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-OP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP). Compared with the low exposure group, there was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with high paternal urinary PCP concentration [odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.05–4.14], and maternal exposure to 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) also significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion (OR = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.02–4.80; OR = 2.81, 95% CI, 1.39–5.65, respectively). Our study firstly provides the evidence that paternal PCP exposure, maternal 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) exposure are associated with spontaneous abortion in humans.     

Development and application of LC–APCI–MS method for biomonitoring of animal and human exposure to imidacloprid

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a relatively new neuro-active neonicotinoid insecticide and nowadays one of the largest selling insecticides worldwide. In the present study a LC–APCI–MS based method was developed and validated for the quantification of imidacloprid and its main metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CINA) in urine and hair specimens. The method was tested in biomonitoring of intentionally exposed animals and subsequently applied for biomonitoring of Cretan urban and rural population.     

高墩大跨连续刚构桥施工期安全评价

针对高墩大跨连续刚构桥施工期结构概率失效的特性,提出了基于失效概率的安全评价方法.以徐水沟特大桥为工程背景,通过风险评定识别出施工最不利阶段--最大双悬臂时的主要风险因素即:节段特性模量的不确定性、梁体自重的不确定性以及预应力损失的不确定性.采用大型通用有限元程序ANSYS及蒙特卡洛法,计算徐水沟特大桥在最大悬臂时的失效概率,并确定施工期的目标可靠度.依据高墩大跨连续刚构桥施工期结构概率失效的评价结果,提出相应的风险控制措施.     

细水雾中雾滴和高温环境的热质交换研究

由雾滴的表面的组分方程和能量方程入手,探讨雾滴在静止的高温环境中的热质交换及生存时间。应用折算薄膜理论,通过特征时间的比较,提出雾滴与高温环境主要通过沸腾机制实现热质交换;考虑滴径与速度变化的耦合作用,应用数值方法研究雾滴在强迫对流环境中与高温环境的热质交换情况。结果表明:对于滴径较小的雾滴不可能达到火焰区或可燃物表面实施火焰冷却和表面冷却,其灭火作用主要依赖于汽化吸热。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极杆质谱法分析地表水中高氯酸盐

建立了高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极杆质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)测定地表水中高氯酸盐的方法。以Dionex IonPac AG20阴离子交换柱为分析柱,弱碱性的0.056%氨水/5 mmol/L乙酸氨为流动相,1.0 mL/min的流速,电喷雾负离子模式电离,MS/MS串联质谱为检测器,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测高氯酸盐。方法检出限达0.043μg/L,线性范围为0.2~50μg/L,线性相关系数为0.999 4,含量分别约为2、6、30μg/L的实际样品进样10次得到的相对标准偏差分别为2.47%、4.55%、0.49%,样品加标回收率在80%~109%,将该法与US EPA method314.0进行比对,结果基本吻合。