基于特征源与环境特征的中国煤矿重大事故研究

通过对中国煤矿1980—2000年20年间发生的重大事故的分析显示,在中国煤矿重大事故的直接原因中,人因事故(含故意违章、管理失误、设计缺陷)所占比率高达97.67%以上,从而使人们对中国煤矿重大事故的致因有了新的认识。笔者从重大事故发生的特征源与环境特征角度,对中国煤矿重大事故及事故中的不安全行为进行研究,无论在理论层面,还是实践层面,对遏止煤矿重大事故都极具价值,意义重大。     

对高寒牧区定居聚落生态系统的初步探讨

本文以川西北牧区为例，探讨了定居聚落生态系统的结构、功能和特点，并针对目前川西北高寒牧区定居聚落生态系统存在的主要问题提出了一些对策建议。     

How Is Household Vulnerability Gendered? Female‐headed Households in the Collectives of Suleimaniyah,Iraqi Kurdistan

This research tries to reach an understanding of the well-being of female-headed household members through a comparison to male-headed household members in the collectives of the Suleimaniyah governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan. Research was undertaken in five collectives in Suleimaniyah during the summer of 1998. The research contributes to the current gender and development debates which are concerned with improving the understanding of the specific gendered forms of disadvantage faced by female-headed households rather than assuming the universal poverty of this group. An understanding of well-being is approached through a broad conceptualisation of vulnerability in preference to a narrow poverty definition. That the findings of this research are complex attests to the multi-dimensional and mutually constitutive gendered experiences of vulnerability. The definitive conclusion to emerge from this research is a refuting of the rhetoric-fuelled stereotype that households headed by women are at a disadvantage in all the dimensions of vulnerability in comparison to households headed by men. The research also establishes the methodological necessity of examining intra-household distributive mechanisms that determine individuals' well-being.     

人因事故纵深防御系统模型

复杂社会技术系统发展的特征对系统中人因产生了极大的影响。对该系统中人因事故的防范采取基于多米诺骨牌原理的对策已难奏效 ,而须采用技术手段、组织手段、文化手段融为一体的纵深防御策略。笔者提出并建立了一个主动型人因事故纵深防御系统模型 ,它包含 5个阶段 :方针确立、预测分析、事故减少策略、运行、反馈 ,突出主动去探查与辨识可能的人因事故 ,并采取技术、组织和文化相结合的措施达到减少和预防事故的目的。     

人为差错对结构可靠性的影响

国内外结构倒塌事故一直都在发生,事故原因是多方面的,而人为错误一直是导致结构事故的主要原因.通过总结国内外资料,对人为错误导致结构事故及人为错误的研究现状作了总结分析.从管理科学的角度提出了一些提高结构设计可靠性的对策.     

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS OF HUMAN STABILITY IN A FLOOD1

ABSTRACT: Major loss of life can occur in a flood when people are toppled by floodwater currents. Three approximate mechanical models and two empirical models of the hydrodynamics of toppling are presented and calibrated to align with available experimental observations to assist the analysis of the risk of life loss. The mechanical models consider circular cylindrical, square cylindrical and cylindrical composite, heavy bodies assembled to represent a human immersed in a flow field and subject to drag and buoyancy forces. The models can account for the height and weight of the exposed persons, and the velocity and depth of the flow. The models are in good mutual agreement and, when calibrated, yield failure functions that can be used to calculate the probability of loss of stability.     

A measure of human sensitivity in acute inhalation toxicity

The prediction of the probability of death or injury following the inhalation of a toxic gas or vapour is used in risk analysis. The proportion of a population responding for a given endpoint (e.g. lethality) can be related to the received dose using a probit model. Some of the coefficients in the probit equations are based on data from animal testing. Generally, experimental test animals are bred to exhibit low variability. Animal variability in response to toxic exposures may not adequately represent human variability in response to toxic exposures to the tested chemical. It is suggested that some independently established measure of human variability be used in the formulation of the probit equation constants rather than those that arise solely from the fitting of the animal data.     

Harmonizing water management and social needs: a necessary condition for sustainable development. The case of Israel's coastal aquifer

This study focuses on the problem of most efficiently fulfilling the water requirements of society for sustainable water resources management. The goal is to coordinate effectively the social needs of the resident population with operational water resources management planning.The proposed approach consists of a pyramidal hierarchy of water resource management needs, similar to that suggested by psychologist Abraham Maslow for human social needs. The two pyramidal hierarchies can be simultaneously employed to delineate guidelines to synchronize planning for sustainable water resources development with the concerns and expectations of the resident population. In both hierarchies, higher level needs remain irrelevant and difficult to attain until lower level needs of the resident population have been fulfilled.Management planning measures employed with regard to Israel's coastal aquifer have been used to illustrate this approach. Observation of Israel's experience indicates markedly reduced effectiveness where such measures have failed to be properly synchronised with societal needs. Conversely, where hydrological management measures were successfully synchronized with societal concerns, increased efficiency towards attaining sustainable groundwater management was evident.     

Dust Storm as an Environmental Problem in North China

Dust storms in north China, which are associated with land deterioration from increasing human pressures, have intensified over the past decades. Although synoptic meteorological conditions and sedimental environments dictate the occurrence of dust storms, their increase in frequency in north China due to human activities can be expected. Sand stabilization and control projects may be compromised by the pursuit of short-term economic returns and lack of systematic and integrated understanding of land degradation. Two actions are recommended as positive responses to escalating dust storms in north China. A policy of long-term ecologically sustainable development strategies is needed as well as a scientific research initiative combining biophysical and socioeconomic aspects.     

Human resource management systems and work attitudes: The mediating role of future time perspective

This paper examines the role of employees' future time perspective (FTP) in the association between human resource management (HRM) systems and work‐related attitudes. Drawing on social exchange theory, signaling theory, and affective events theory, we hypothesize HRM systems' indirect effects on individual‐level job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment as mediated by FTP. The results of this multilevel study, comprising 913 employees of 76 business units, provide evidence that HRM systems have (i) direct effects on employees' FTP and (ii) indirect effects on job satisfaction and organizational commitment via FTP. In addition, three HRM bundles' (i.e., knowledge, skills, and abilities enhancing; motivation enhancing; and opportunity enhancing) corresponding indirect effects are explored. We discuss the results, theoretical contributions, and practical implications of the study, as well as future research directions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.