基于环境一号卫星多光谱影像数据的三湖一库富营养化状态评价

环境一号卫星是我国2008年自主发射的环境与灾害监测小卫星,其2d的时间分辨率使其成为环境变化监测的重要数据源.根据实测的太湖、巢湖、滇池和三峡水库的水面光谱信息以及水质参数,构建基于环境一号卫星多光谱数据的富营养化评价模型,对太湖、巢湖、滇池和三峡水库2009年水体营养状况进行了评价分析.研究结果表明:利用环境一号卫...     

三峡水库建设前后库区10年土地覆盖变化

介绍利用定量遥感监测手段,开展10年间三峡库区土地覆盖监测,采用联合国粮农组织土地覆盖分类系统在150 000尺度下划分38类土地覆盖类型,利用面向对象的信息提取方法,通过多尺度分割和模糊判别的手段开展土地覆盖的信息提取。通过监测分析,三峡库区在2002年耕地总量占总面积43.93%,森林面积占29.03%,与1992年对比,耕地面积减少1.13%,森林面积减少0.13%,灌木林增加了0.58%。影响土地覆盖变化的主要是城市扩展、库区移民、生态环境政策等原因。     

密云水库流域2000-2005年植被覆盖度变化监测

植被是生态系统最重要的组成部分,而植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被状况的一个最重要的指标,是生态系统健康评价的前提和必要的基础。文章利用2000和2005年2个时相的Landsat 7 ETM+遥感影像为数据源,以BP神经网络法为植被覆盖度估算模型,计算了密云水库流域内不同时期的植被覆盖度,生成了该流域2个时相内的植被覆盖度图,以此分析密云水库流域植被覆盖度的时空变化。结果表明,从2000-2005年,密云水库流域内除无植被覆盖类型外(即水域部分),其余土地利用类型的植被覆盖度都呈增加趋势,其中以沙质地和耕地最为明显,分别增长了29.5%和27.3%,并且密云水库流域的平均植被覆盖度不高,尤其西部地区植被覆盖度较差,水土流失和土地沙化情况比较严重。     

正射影像图的制作在土地利用现状中的应用

本实验旨在利用高分辨率遥感卫星影像,通过遥感技术手段,制作出高精度的正射影象并采用ERDAS和ArcGIS软件平台（评测版）,来实现更新土地利用现状图,查清监测区的土地利用现状与环境监测、地质灾害情况。为今后高效、客观、准确地开展年度土地变更调查和环境保护工作奠定坚实的基础和做好技术储备。主要任务利用近期航空遥感数据制作监测区1：2000-1：5000标准分幅DOM;提取监测区土地利用现状图成图及其至今的土地利用变化信息;为环境监测、城市可持续发展、研究城市发展的动态监测等提供依据。构建和更新监测区土地资源管理数据库中的土地利用现状数据库。     

富营养化水体中黑水团的吸收及反射特性分析

对黑水团水体光学特性进行研究,是利用遥感技术监测和评估黑水团事件的前提.针对2015年7月在太湖发生的黑水团现象,采集了太湖黑水团区(区域一)、蓝藻水华区(区域二)、清水区(区域三)共36个水样,对这3个区域的水体遥感反射率以及吸收特性进行对比分析.结果表明:1区域一水体的总颗粒物、色素颗粒物和非色素颗粒物吸收系数比区域二、区域三高出1~2倍,在400~500 nm之间,区域一CDOM吸收系数相比另外两个区域的水体高出2倍左右.导致黑水团区域水体具有很低的遥感反射率,被人眼感知时呈现为黑色;2黑水团区域水体M值低于滇池、巢湖和太湖的M值变化范围,说明黑水团中CDOM的腐殖酸含量较高.此外,叶绿素a浓度与CDOM在350 nm处吸收系数之间具有很好的相关性,表明蓝藻的降解可能是黑水团中CDOM的一个主要来源;3在380 nm之后,黑水团区域的水体总吸收以色素颗粒物占主导,但在短波350~380 nm处,CDOM对总吸收的贡献率高于色素颗粒物和非色素颗粒物.     

北京市PM5.0可吸入颗粒物反演及其时空分布分析

分析城市可吸入颗粒物的空间特征及影响因素对于制定更为有效的可吸入颗粒物污染控制政策具有重要的现实意义.本研究在实际采样和遥感数据处理基础上,构造差值植被指数(DVI),通过建立TM影像与对应PM5.0颗粒物实测值之间的相关关系模型,对北京市2008~2010年3 a的PM5.0的分布进行了反演计算和精度分析;研究了NDBI和NDMI对PM5.0浓度的影响,进一步揭示了北京五环区域范围内可吸入颗粒物的时空分布特征.结果表明,采用DVI反演PM5.0分布的方法可行,反演精度在可接受范围内;整体上研究区2008年PM5.0颗粒物污染最轻,西南三环和四环以及东南三四环之间为颗粒物污染的高值区,西北五环附近颗粒物污染较轻;NDBI(归一化建筑指数)、NDMI(归一化水汽指数)与PM5.0可吸入颗粒物的分布分别呈现显著的负相关和正相关关系,且二者对PM5.0的影响相近.     

生态环境变化遥感评价指数的应用研究——以敖江流域为例

利用1994年5月12日与2009年6月6日的Landsat TM和2001年5月23日的Landsat ETM＋卫星影像,选用遥感生态指数（RSEI）,结合流域的植被覆盖度状况,定量评价了15年间敖江流域的生态环境变化与植被覆盖度变化情况,并对二者的关系进行了简要分析.结果表明：15年间,敖江流域生态等级为优所占的面积比例从13.48％上升到24.90％,增加了304.29 km2;植被覆盖度等级为极高的面积增加比例为29.31％.总体看来,敖江流域生态环境状况和植被覆盖状况均有明显的提高,两者具有较好的对应关系.     

Predicting occurrence of juvenile shark habitat to improve conservation planning

Fishing and habitat degradation have increased the extinction risk of sharks, and conservation strategies recognize that survival of juveniles is critical for the effective management of shark populations. Despite the rapid expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs) globally, the paucity of shark‐monitoring data on large scales (100s–1000s km) means that the effectiveness of MPAs in halting shark declines remains unclear. Using data collected by baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVS) in northwestern Australia, we developed generalized linear models to elucidate the ecological drivers of habitat suitability for juvenile sharks. We assessed occurrence patterns at the order and species levels. We included all juvenile sharks sampled and the 3 most abundant species sampled separately (grey reef [Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos], sandbar [Carcharhinus plumbeus], and whitetip reef sharks [Triaenodon obesus]). We predicted the occurrence of juvenile sharks across 490,515 km² of coastal waters and quantified the representation of highly suitable habitats within MPAs. Our species‐level models had higher accuracy (? ≥ 0.69) and deviance explained (≥48%) than our order‐level model (? = 0.36 and deviance explained of 10%). Maps of predicted occurrence revealed different species‐specific patterns of highly suitable habitat. These differences likely reflect different physiological or resource requirements between individual species and validate concerns over the utility of conservation targets based on aggregate species groups as opposed to a species‐focused approach. Highly suitable habitats were poorly represented in MPAs with the most restrictions on extractive activities. This spatial mismatch possibly indicates a lack of explicit conservation targets and information on species distribution during the planning process. Non‐extractive BRUVS provided a useful platform for building the suitability models across large scales to assist conservation planning across multiple maritime jurisdictions, and our approach provides a simple for method for testing the effectiveness of MPAs.     

Use of Habitats as Surrogates of Biodiversity for Efficient Coral Reef Conservation Planning in Pacific Ocean Islands

Abstract: Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been highlighted as a means toward effective conservation of coral reefs. New strategies are required to more effectively select MPA locations and increase the pace of their implementation. Many criteria exist to design MPA networks, but generally, it is recommended that networks conserve a diversity of species selected for, among other attributes, their representativeness, rarity, or endemicity. Because knowledge of species’ spatial distribution remains scarce, efficient surrogates are urgently needed. We used five different levels of habitat maps and six spatial scales of analysis to identify under which circumstances habitat data used to design MPA networks for Wallis Island provided better representation of species than random choice alone. Protected‐area site selections were derived from a rarity–complementarity algorithm. Habitat surrogacy was tested for commercial fish species, all fish species, commercially harvested invertebrates, corals, and algae species. Efficiency of habitat surrogacy varied by species group, type of habitat map, and spatial scale of analysis. Maps with the highest habitat thematic complexity provided better surrogates than simpler maps and were more robust to changes in spatial scales. Surrogates were most efficient for commercial fishes, corals, and algae but not for commercial invertebrates. Conversely, other measurements of species‐habitat associations, such as richness congruence and composition similarities provided weak results. We provide, in part, a habitat‐mapping methodology for designation of MPAs for Pacific Ocean islands that are characterized by habitat zonations similar to Wallis. Given the increasing availability and affordability of space‐borne imagery to map habitats, our approach could appreciably facilitate and improve current approaches to coral reef conservation and enhance MPA implementation.     

Residence and place image

Data are presented for a particular population on its perception of English and Welsh local authority areas in terms of desirability for residence. The method employed permits a distinction between positive and negative judgements as well as a measure of the differing degree to which areas figure in the mind at all. It is established that the areas are seen in terms of a sharply differentiated hierarchy of preference and that there is considerable variation in the extent to which areas are “visible”. In aggregate negative judgements predominate and the most frequently expressed attitude is strong dislike. Places in the south‐west are popular as are some places in the north. London Boroughs are unpopular although in varying degrees. The most favoured place is Cornwall and the least favoured is Wolverhampton. It is argued that perceptions studied in the “direct” way used here are important to complement those employing an “oblique” method in which criteria of choice are assumed or established by social survey and then used to create a profile of preference against which places can be measured and ranked.