我国畜禽养殖方式的区域性差异及演变过程研究

论文在系统分析我国畜禽养殖方式及其影响因素的基础上,对畜禽养殖方式变化的动力机制和演变过程的阶段性进行了研究;利用构建的逻辑斯蒂函数,对主产区生猪和蛋、肉鸡养殖方式变化进行了定量化模拟。研究结果显示:①畜禽养殖方式的变化一般经历初期低速转变阶段、中期快速转变阶段、后期慢速转变阶段和全面规模化阶段;②目前我国绝大部分生猪主产省的养殖方式仍处于中期快速转变阶段,后期提升幅度最大,而蛋肉鸡和蛋鸡一直处于后期慢速转变阶段,规模养殖业相对发达,但提升幅度偏小;③畜禽养殖方式的快速变化是我国近10 a多来大豆需求快速增加的主要原因;④今后10 a内,我国中西部地区生猪养殖的规模化程度不断提高,同时,各地区的生猪及蛋肉鸡出栏量也将继续增加,因此,在我国大豆生产能力有限的情况下,大豆供求缺口仍将不断扩大。     

三峡库区(重庆段)种植业污染负荷空间分布特征

以土地利用、农户访谈等数据为基础,运用化肥施用强度、单位面积污染负荷和农作物类型指数等指标,在ARCGIS和逐步回归方法的支持下,对库区(重庆段)种植业污染负荷的空间分布特征进行分析.结果表明:1库区(重庆段)种植业单位面积施肥折纯量为TN 23.25 t·km-2、TP 20.34 t·km-2,由其产生的污染负荷总量较高,达3.54 t·km-2;2种植业污染负荷总体展现出较大的空间差异,且这一分布与作物种植结构、种植业的集聚关系密切;3种植业距离区域中心点越近由施肥产生的污染负荷越高,具有"类点源"特征,且乡(镇)中心点较近区与较远区施肥产生污染负荷的空间分布差异比区(县)中心点的更显著;4(农作物类型指数、单位耕地面积产值和务农人员比例)、(农作物类型指数)和(单位耕地面积产值)分别对库区(重庆段)种植业污染负荷总量、TN和TP的影响较为显著;5除耕地流转外,其他因素对污染负荷总量、TN和TP均产生正向作用.     

规模化畜禽养殖对环境的污染及防治策略

针对我国规模化、集约化畜禽养殖迅速发展现状 ,介绍了规模化畜禽养殖场对环境的污染状况 ,从而分析造成污染的原因 ,提出了减轻污染、改善环境的综合防治措施     

保护生态环境,发展有机农业

阐述了发展有机农业、开发有机食品的必要性 ,以及我国有机食品产业发展的紧迫性、有利条件和光明前景 ,指出了当前存在的一些亟待排除的认识上的障碍。     

中国区域土壤表观氮磷平衡清单及政策建议

利用OECD表观氮平衡模型框架,建立了中国表观氮磷平衡核算的框架、方法和数据库.模型结果表明,2003年中国土壤表观氮磷盈余总量分别为640×10⁴　t和98×10⁴　t,氮磷盈余强度分别为16.56 kg/hm²和2.53 kg/hm².由于中国氮磷平衡区域分布严重不平衡,面临着氮磷盈余管理和氮磷缺损管理的双重压力.化肥和畜禽粪便是中国土壤氮磷投入最主要的来源,因此是中国氮磷盈余管理最佳切入点.由于各地氮磷投入结构各异,在氮磷盈余严重的中东部地区,不宜采用“一刀切”的政策,而应针对不同地区氮磷输入的特点进行氮磷盈余管理.     

激励生态农业发展的环境经济政策分析

本文着重探讨了激励生态农业发展的环境经济政策分析过程。该方法体系从农业环境经济系统的起始元——农户入手 ,建立了农户环境经济行为模式 ,进而通过指向农户的环境经济政策激励机制模型分析 ,寻找促进生态农业发展的环境经济政策包。     

Vulnerability of coastal livelihoods to shrimp farming: Insights from Mozambique

Millions of people around the world depend on shrimp aquaculture for their livelihoods. Yet, the phenomenal growth of shrimp farming has often given rise to considerable environmental and social damage. This article examines the impacts of commercial, export-oriented shrimp aquaculture on local livelihood vulnerability by comparing the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of shrimp farm employees with non-farm employees in rural Mozambique. Exposure to stressors was similar between the two groups. Shrimp farm employees had higher assets and higher adaptive capacity than non-farm employees. However, because their income is heavily dependent on a single commodity, shrimp farm employees were highly susceptible to the boom crop nature of intensive shrimp farming. The implications for aquaculture policy and vulnerability research are discussed. The article argues that coastal vulnerability is dynamic, variable, and influenced by multiple processes operating at multiple scales.     

新西兰氮排放配额与交易制度对中国的启示——以奶牛养殖业为例

近年来,排污权有偿使用与交易制度在中国部分省份开展了试点工作,许多大型的规模化畜禽养殖场也进行了排污许可证的申领。针对新西兰奶牛养殖业的污染治理措施进行了研究,梳理其开展污染防治工作的措施体系,以陶泊湖周边施行的氮排放配额与交易为主要对象,阐述了新西兰在养殖业排放配额与交易制度方面的工作实践,其配额基准核定方法、"资源许可证"申领制度、配额交易体系、相关支撑措施在一定程度上具备优势和先进性,对中国的畜禽养殖污染减排工作具有借鉴意义。     

Characterising populations living close to intensive farming and composting facilities in England

• Bioaerosol emitted from farming and composting facilities may pose health risks. • We describe population characteristics around these sites and infer public concern. • Sites were mapped and overlaid with population, demographic and school data. • Approximately 16% of the population and 15% of schools are located near these sites. • More community health studies need to be conducted around these sites. Bioaerosol exposure has been linked to adverse respiratory conditions. Intensive farming and composting facilities are important anthropogenic sources of bioaerosols. We aimed to characterise populations living close to intensive farming and composting facilities. We also infer whether the public are becoming more concerned about anthropogenic bioaerosol emissions, using reports of air pollution related incidents attributed to facilities. We mapped the location of 1,257 intensive farming and 310 composting facilities in England in relation to the resident population and its characteristics (sex and age), area characteristics (deprivation proxy and rural/urban classification) and school locations stratified by pre-defined distance bands from these bioaerosol sources. We also calculated the average number of air pollution related incidents per year per facility. We found that more than 16% of the population and 15% of schools are located within 4,828 m of an intensive farming facility or 4,000 m of a composting facility; few people (0.01%) live very close to these sites and tend to be older people. Close to composting facilities, populations are more likely to be urban and more deprived. The number of incidents were attributed to a small proportion of facilities; population characteristics around these facilities were similar. Results indicate that populations living near composting facilities (particularly>250 to≤4,000 m) are mostly located in urban areas (80%–88% of the population), which supports the need for more community health studies to be conducted. Results could also be used to inform risk management strategies at facilities with higher numbers of incidents.     

Conservation agriculture and climate resilience

Agricultural productivity growth is vital for economic and food security outcomes which are threatened by climate change. In response, governments and development agencies are encouraging the adoption of ‘climate-smart’ agricultural technologies, such as conservation agriculture (CA). However, there is little rigorous evidence that demonstrates the effect of CA on production or climate resilience, and what evidence exists is hampered by selection bias. Using panel data from Zimbabwe, we test how CA performs during extreme rainfall events - both shortfalls and surpluses. We control for the endogenous adoption decision and find that use of CA in years of average rainfall results in no yield gains, and in some cases yield loses. However, CA is effective in mitigating the negative impacts of deviations in rainfall. We conclude that the lower yields during normal rainfall seasons may be a proximate factor in low uptake of CA. Policy should focus promotion of CA on these climate resilience benefits.