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81.
Christian Riisager-Simonsen Olivia Rendon Anders Galatius Morten Tange Olsen Nicola Beaumont 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1152-1164
The goal of ecosystem-based management (EBM) is to support a sustainable and holistic multisectored management approach, and is recognized in a number of international policy frameworks. However, it remains unknown how these goals should be linked to assessments and management plans for marine fauna, such as mammals and fish stocks. It appears particularly challenging to carry out trade-off analyses of various ocean uses without a framework that integrates knowledge of environmental, social, and economic benefits derived from nonstationary marine fauna. We argue this gap can be filled by applying a version of the ecosystem-service approach at the population level of marine fauna. To advance this idea, we used marine mammals as a case study to demonstrate what indicators could operationalize relevant assessments and deliver an evidence base for the presence of ecosystem services and disservices derived from marine mammals. We found indicators covering common ecosystem service categories feasible to apply; examples of indicator data are already available in the literature for several populations. We encourage further exploration of this approach for application to marina fauna and biodiversity management, with the caveat that conceptual tensions related to the use of the ecosystem service concept itself needs to be addressed to ensure acceptance by relevant stakeholders. 相似文献
82.
J. V. Bonta C. R. Amerman W. A. Dick G. F. Hall T J. Harlukowicz A. C. Razem N. E. Smeck 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(3):577-596
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted over a six-year period in East-Central Ohio to determine the effects of surface mining and reclamation on physical watershed conditions and on ground-water hydrology in three ground-water zones in three small experimental watersheds. Mining disturbances in watersheds adjacent to the experimental sites affected ground-water levels in the undisturbed experimental watersheds prior to actual mining in the experimental sites. New subsurface flow paths, with different characteristics, formed during mining and reclamation. At all three sites mining dewatered the saturated zone above the underclay of the mined coal seam. Mining and reclamation affected ground-water levels below the mined coal seam in the middle and lower zones within at least two sites. Ground-water level recovery in the mined upper saturated zone was slow and irregular both temporally and spatially after reclamation. Hydraulic conductivities of postmining (Phase 3) spoil were generally greater than those of Phase 1 bedrock, but wide spatial variability was observed. Modelers need to be aware of the complexities of new flow paths and physical characteristics of subsurface flow media that are introduced by mining and reclamation, including destruction of the upper-zone clay. 相似文献
83.
Robert O. Briggs 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1991,27(6):991-999
ABSTRACT: Waddell Creek is a perennial stream near Santa Cruz, California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean about 38 km from the epicenter of the Loma Prieta earthquake (October 17, 1989, M 7.1). The earthquake caused no significant changes or damage to structures or surface features in the area, but was followed by an order of magnitude transient increase in discharge of Waddell Creek and nearby springs. The transients approximate a step rise followed by an exponential recession with time constants of from 37 to 59 days. The flow recession pattern of Waddell Creek was obscured by heavy rains after about 50 days; however, the springs maintained an exponential recession with minimal rain interference for periods of several time constants, then abruptly ceased flowing. A comparison of the pre-quake and post-quake chemical signature of one of the springs shows only minor changes in water chemistry indicating a common source for pre- and post-quake waters. Increased permeability of the subsurface ground material appears to be the most probable cause of the hydrologic changes. Post-seismic reduction of permeability has not been observed or inferred. 相似文献
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内蒙古河套灌区春小麦苗期生态系统CO2通量变化研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在内蒙古河套灌区用连续自动采样箱的方法对不同施肥方式下的春小麦生态系统CO2净交换(NEE)进行观测,发现苗期(出苗-拔节期)春小麦生态系统主要是一个CO2净交换逐渐增大,固定碳逐渐增加的过程.在速效肥条件下,春小麦生态系统苗期CO2净交换的变化为-390.20~901.25 mg·m-2·d-1,日呼吸量在-800.35~-5865.22 mg·m-2·d-1;缓释肥负荷下CO2净交换变化为-206.00~1258.36 mg·m-2·d-1,日呼吸量在-407.02~-4986.52mg·m-2·d-1."-"表示从生态系统中丢失碳.从CO2净交换中减去生态系统的呼吸速率就得到植物的光合速率.采取缓释的施肥方式可以减少苗期CO2释放.此外,用气象因子包括瞬时光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和土壤温度等对光合速率和呼吸速率构建简单的模型去模拟CO2通量的变化速率.结果表明,PAR与大气温度和10cm土壤温度分别是制约苗期春小麦生态系统呼吸和光合速率的主要因素. 相似文献
86.
目的 判定车辆悬架螺旋弹簧失效的原因,提出改进措施.方法 通过分析和测试其化学成分、氢含量、非金属夹杂物、力学性能、金相组织、断口形貌等,研究车辆悬架螺旋弹簧的失效行为.结果 试件弯曲变形内侧的剪切应力值最大,容易引起应力集中.材料最后断裂区为韧窝和沿晶的混合断裂,且断后伸长率偏低.喷丸并未完全去除脱碳层及表层的其他原始缺陷,表层形成疲劳缺陷的可能性增高.喷丸造成螺旋弹簧表层存在较深的凹坑,凹坑边缘形成明显凸起棱边,引起应力集中,且材料表层存在折叠缺陷.在循环应力作用下,凹坑处折叠缺陷端部首先成为裂纹萌生点,在循环应力作用下,裂纹持续扩展,最终疲劳断裂.结论 减小钢丸粒径,降低喷丸压力,以避免过深的凹坑及尖锐的凸起棱边,并适当增加喷丸过程的表层去除深度;调整热处理工艺,适度降低材料强度、提高韧性,使断后伸长率大于10%.改进轧制工艺,消除材料的折叠缺陷,加强材料缺陷检测. 相似文献
87.
电阻焊电极在焊接过程中 ,承受着高温、高压和高电流的作用 ,工作条件十分恶劣。在导电、导热性能差不多时 ,其高温热稳定性的好坏直接影响它的使用寿命。因此 ,针对 3种典型的电极材料 (CuCr,CuCrZrMg ,弥散铜 ) ,进行了热变形行为研究 ,通过分析在不同高温情况下的应力 应变曲线 ,从而确定其高温热稳定性及使用寿命长短。 相似文献
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