气候舒适度的体感分级：季节锚点法与中国案例

气候舒适度对人居环境和人类活动具有深远影响,相关的评价模型/指数在建筑设计、城市规划、人体健康和旅游发展等领域有着广泛应用。体感分级标准作为气候舒适度评价模型不可或缺的关键环节,对模型效度有着重要的裁量权,也是实践应用中最终的度量衡工具。目前体感分级标准研究和应用中异地套用和局地实测的传统做法,在制定国家尺度普适性标准时遇到较大瓶颈。本文试图提出包含“定级—定名—定点—定宽”等基本环节的“季节锚点法”这一新的体感分级思路,并基于中国1981-2010年间814个基本（基准）气象站点的日值气象数据,以温湿指数和风效指数为例开展了实证研究。研究给出了“暑—热—暖—温—凉—冷—寒”这一针对中国区域的7级体感划分标准,并具体给出了温湿指数和风效指数在各体感等级上的阈值区间,进而在此基础计算评价了中国气候舒适期和不舒适期的时间长短、空间格局及其历时变化,得到一些有益发现。未来的研究可以进一步就细分人群、测试模型和区域差异等方面的体感分级标准开展更多深入探索。     

珠江三角洲城市人居环境测评与分析

基于人居环境系统理论,运用层次分析法构建了一个包含四个一级子系统、九个二级子系统和三十六个基层指标的珠三角城市人居环境评价指标体系.选取1997年、2000年和2002年三个时间断面对珠三角城市人居环境进行测算.结果表明,珠三角城市人居环境系统工业化中期阶段特征明显,人居环境建设开始进入软环境主导时代,但发展的协调性和稳定性明显较差.同时人居环境的改善还面临着区域产业整合带来的严峻挑战.     

Landscape ecological characteristics in temporal changes of riverside open space in urbanized area

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｉｎＪａｐａｎ，ｔｈｅｒｉｖｅｒｓｐａｃｅｉｎｕｒｂａｎａｒｅａｓｉｓｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｉｎｔｏｒｉｖｅｒｐａｒｋｓ，ｒｉｖｅｒｏｐｅｎｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｎａｔｕｒｅｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄｂａｎｋ．Ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎ...     

Human Settlements on the Northern Shores of Lake Aral and Water Level Changes

The shore of Lake Aral in Kazakhstan is a perfect area for studying the human adaptation strategy to past climate changes. New archaeological material, gathered along the northern shores during the expedition of the INTAS project CLIMAN, is briefly presented. Changes in settlement activity during the Atlantic and Subboreal are related to lake level changes of the Aral Sea. A previ-ously proposed lake level maximum needs to be revised. In particular the lake level stand at 72/73 m, with an assumed age of 5000 BP is definitely refused. Based on the presented data the maximum lake level most probably never reached beyond 57/58 mean average sea level (masl). Furthermore the regression during the 15^th–16^th centuries has been underestimated. It may have been lower than the present day level. Thus the present desiccation of the Aral Sea is historically not unique, as a similar regression, probably induced by man as well, has occurred at least once during history. A readjustment of the water level is, therefore, possible at any time.     

Second-trimester maternal serum screening using alpha-fetoprotein,human chorionic gonadotrophin,and unconjugated oestriol: Experience of a regional programme

Over a 2-year period from January 1991 to December 1992, second-trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome using alpha-fetoprotein (aFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and unconjugated oestriol (uE₃) was made available to five health districts in East Anglia, with a total population of 1·2 million. Amniocentesis was offered when the risk of Down's syndrome at term was 1:200 or greater. 25359 singleton pregnancies were screened, representing an uptake of 77 per cent. The recall rate for the 24 per cent of women who had not had a dating scan prior to the test was 9·4 per cent compared with 3·9 per cent for those who had been scanned (P<0·0005). Seventy-five per cent (36/48) of Down's syndrome pregnancies were detected for a false-positive rate of 4·0 per cent. Twenty-five out of 36 of detected Down's syndrome pregnancies were dated by scan prior to sampling, and in the 11 remaining cases, the dates were confirmed by scan after a high-risk result was obtained. The exclusion of uE₃ from the screening protocol would have reduced the detection rate to 52 per cent (25/48) for the same false-positive rate. Eighty-five per cent of women identified at high risk accepted the offer of an amniocentesis. Other fetal abnormalities detected were trisomy 18 (3), trisomy 13 (2), 45,X (6), 69,XXX (5), other chromosome abnormalities (9), open neural tube defects (26), hydrocephalus (7), abdominal wall defects (4), and steroid sulphatase deficiency (6).     

基于TPB的炼化装置大检修违章安全管理应用实践

针对安全管理制度、监督制度、安全黑名单等对违章行为态度、违章主观规范和违章知觉行为控制的重要影响,构建了基于计划行为理论的炼化装置大检修违章安全管理模式,并通过强化管理制度建设、建立违章黑名单、全员安全积分劳动竞赛等具体应用实践,有效降低并避免实际违章行为,充分保障了装置大检修期间的现场安全。     

地下水中汞的形成及其与人群健康的关系

地下水中汞元素的形成，主要是含汞矿物岩土溶解作用的结果，但其含量一般很低。汞与人体关系密切，结肠癌、肺癌死亡率与土壤中汞含量呈正相关，胃癌死亡率则与汞元素含量呈负相关。地下水汞元素含量小于１μｇ／Ｌ时，不会对人体健康产生危害。     

大孔膦酸树脂对镉(Ⅱ)的吸附性能及其机理

用大孔膦酸树脂对镉的吸附性能及其机理进行了研究 ,树脂对镉的静态和动态的吸附容量分别为 1 69 2和 1 62 7mg[Cd(Ⅱ ) ]/g(树脂 ) ,用 1 - 3mol·L- 1 HCI可以定量洗脱 .测得吸附热力学参数分别为 :ΔH =9 1 4kJ·mol- 1 ,ΔG =- 3 2 6kJ·mol- 1 ,ΔS =41 6J·mol- 1 ·K- 1 ,等温吸附遵循Freundlich曲线 ,表现吸附速率常数k2 98=3 6× 1 0 - 4 s- 1 ,用化学和红外光谱等方法讨论了吸附机理 .     

青浦区城市化中人居环境的协调发展研究

青浦区人居环境的可持续发展体系是一个由人口、社会、资源、环境与经济5个子系统构成的开放巨系统。文章通过提出综合衡量系统“协调性”和“发展水平”的“协调发展度”模型，研究青浦区在城市化中人居环境复合系统内5个子系统之间协调发展度情况。并运用回归模型，探讨协调发展度与城市化发展水平之间的内在联系，提出城市化进程必须与其人居环境的可持续发展相适应。     

Increased maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in compromised pregnancies other than for neural tube defects or Down syndrome

Intrauterine fetal death occurred in four women who were ‘screen-positive’ in a screening programme for neural tube defects (NTDs) and Down syndrome (DS). These women had very high levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) and maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (MShCG). Therefore, we evaluated all ‘screen-positive’ women in whom both of these markers were ⩾ 2.0 multiples of the median. The cases fulfilling these criteria totalled 11, and only one of them had no complications. High concentrations of both MSAFP and MShCG in a number of these cases might have been caused by an increased placental volume, which, in turn, might have been induced by decreased perfusion of the placenta. We conclude that screening programmes wrongly determine a high risk of fetal NTD or DS if the concentrations of both these parameters are very high. Invasive diagnostic procedures should be avoided in these cases, particularly in view of the increased risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome.