环境态度及其与环境行为关系的文献评述与元分析

为总结梳理环境态度定义、测量方法、影响因素及其对环境行为的影响,采用文献综述与元分析（meta-analysis）的方法,检索Elsevier ScienceDirect数据库、Web of Science Core Collection数据库、中国人民大学中文学术资源发现平台和中国知网（CNKI）中有关环境态度的文献,并从检索出的652篇相关文献中筛选出202篇核心文献、提取出43篇实证文献,对环境态度与4类环境行为之间的关系进行定量分析.结果表明,从环境态度定义和测量方式来看,国内外研究者对环境态度有着诸多定义,但都集中在“情感”“信念”“行为意图与倾向”等心理学方面;环境态度的测量方式也较多,诸多测量量表被开发,其中新环境范式量表和新生态范式量表在该领域占据着重要地位.从环境态度的影响因素来看,众多研究者从心理学和社会人口学方面进行研究,国外研究者对这两大方面有着广泛研究,价值观和道德、性别、年龄、收入、教育和知识皆为研究热点,而国内研究者比较注重环境知识这一影响因素.环境态度与环境行为之间综合相关系数为0.309（P < 0.001）,环境态度与环境行为之间呈显著正相关关系.分别考察环境态度与回收行为、能源消费行为、绿色购买行为以及出行行为等4类环境行为间的关系发现,环境态度与绿色购买行为综合相关系数为0.334（P < 0.001）,高于回收行为、能源消费行为和出行行为.研究还显示,在4类环境行为中,绿色购买行为与环境态度的相关性最强:一方面,环境态度有利于促进环境行为,因此可以通过教育、宣传等干预手段提高公众的环保态度,从而促进各类环保行为.另一方面,环境态度对于不同类型环保行为的促进效果是不同的,因此为促进公众的绿色购买行为,可以考虑增加对环境态度的教育和宣传,提高公众的环境态度;而对于促进节约用水、用电等能源消费行为,则不仅需要提高公众的环境态度,还需要结合其他更有效的干预手段（如价格干预、提示标志等）.      

广东省食品中的氯丙醇酯水平及其人体暴露评估

氯丙醇酯是氯丙醇与脂肪酸反应的一类污染物,该文旨在通过评估食品中的此类污染物对不同人群进行暴露风险评估.在广东省的3个地区采集了包括油条、方便面饼和麻花在内的食品样品,用GC-MS测定了4种氯丙醇酯类化合物,其中主要为2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯.氯丙醇酯浓度最高的为麻花,其次为方便面饼和油条.样品中3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯的浓度范围分别为n.d.~0.49 mg·kg~(-1)和n.d.~0.64 mg·kg~(-1).不同样品中2-MCPD酯的浓度均大于3-MCPD酯.对各个年龄的人群暴露评估的结果表明,3~9岁儿童的3-MCPD酯的暴露大于耐受量(TDI)0.8μg·kg-1·d-1,青年与成年组均小于每日最大耐受量(PMTDI)2μg·kg-1·d-1.本研究中的食品样本,对于儿童的暴露均存在健康风险,所以应该减少对油炸食品的摄入量以降低氯丙醇酯对儿童造成的健康风险.     

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的影响

为揭示水位涨落形成系列淹水梯度对消落带土壤重金属含量的影响,论文采集三峡水库忠县消落带土壤,分析了不同淹水深度土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量,并探讨了这些重金属元素物质来源及其与三峡水库水位涨落关系。结果表明：1）不同淹水深度下消落带土壤重金属含量差异较大,长期淹水土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量远远高于短期淹水和未淹水土壤,Cr则在不同淹水深度略有变化;2）除Cr相对独立外,不同淹水深度下土壤SOM、pH与土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量密切相关,但pH、SOM间仅有微弱的相关关系;3）因子分析中因子1和因子2对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的累计贡献率为93.47%,Cu、Zn、Cd在第一轴载荷值为0.962、0.967、0.925,Cr在第二轴载荷值为0.998。研究发现：1）重金属输入来源和流向异质性是决定不同淹水深度Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量差异的重要原因,长期淹水显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量,但对Cr效应并不明显;2）区域土壤内Cr主要来源为自然源的土壤侵蚀和母岩风化,Cu、Zn、Cd来源于人为输入的库岸输入和长江上游来水悬浮颗粒沉积,应引起足够重视。     

由吸烟所致~(210)Pb、~(210)Po照射剂量的研究

本文对国外3种名烟、国内畅销47种烟及新疆7种烟进行研究。结果表明:香烟中~(210)Po和~(210)Pb平衡系数为0.801;烟雾中~(210)Po和~(210)Pb比值为1.15,表明烟雾中~(210)Po量比~(210)Pb多;主流烟雾中~(210)Po占整支烟~(210)Po量的12.93％,而~(210)Pb占8.17％;烟咀阻留~(210)Po效率为(52.0±10.7)％,阻留~(210)Pb效率为(58.3±7.2)％;估算了每日吸一盒烟的人,20年肺和支气管剂量当量,约1.38 ×10~(-2)S_v。     

Speaking up and moving up: How voice can enhance employees' social status

A central argument in the literature on employee voice is that speaking up at work carries image risk. Challenging this assumption, we propose that voice can in fact positively affect how employees are viewed by others, thereby enhancing their social status. Using theory on status attainment and the fundamental social perception dimensions of agency and communion, we suggest that employee voice will result in higher status evaluations by increasing the extent to which an employee is judged as confident/competent (agency) and other‐oriented/helpful (communion). We conducted a survey study and two experiments to test these hypotheses. The results supported our predictions. Employees who voiced were ascribed higher status than those who did not, and this effect was mediated by judgments of agency (in all three studies) and communion (in two studies). These results highlight the implications of voice behavior for status enhancement within organizations.     

Reorienting job crafting research: A hierarchical structure of job crafting concepts and integrative review

Two dominant perspectives of job crafting—the original theory from Wrzesniewski and Dutton ( 2001 ) and the job demands resources perspective from Tims, Bakker, and Derks ( 2012 )—remain separate in research. To synthesize these perspectives, we propose a three‐level hierarchical structure of job crafting, and we identify the aggregate/superordinate nature of each major job crafting construct. The first level of the structure is job crafting orientation, or approach versus avoidance crafting, which we argue is an essential yet often neglected distinction in the literature. We address the debate surrounding cognitive crafting and identify crafting form (behavioral versus cognitive crafting) as the next hierarchical level of constructs. Finally, we concur that job resources and job demands, or crafting content, capture different ways that individuals craft their jobs. Using this integrated hierarchical structure, we were able to review antecedents and outcomes from both perspectives. We show, for example, that approach crafting in its behavioral form is very similar to other proactive behaviors in the way it functions, suggesting a need for closer synthesis with the broader proactive literature, whereas avoidance crafting appears to be less proactive and often dysfunctional. On the basis of our review, we develop a road map for future research.     

How does the social context fuel the proactive fire? A multilevel review and theoretical synthesis

The role of social context (e.g., leadership, team climate, and organizational support) in shaping employee proactive behavior has received considerable attention and has been investigated across multiple forms of proactive behavior. However, the research has not been well integrated. In this review, we adopt a multilevel approach to synthesize what is known about how social context factors influence employees' proactive behavior, as well as what mechanisms underpin these effects. Our analyses show that leader‐, team‐, and organization‐related social context factors mainly influence employee proactivity through shaping “reason to,” “can do,” and “energized to” states (i.e., proactive motivational states) via individual‐, team‐, and cross‐level processes. That has been most frequently investigated is the effect of the discretionary social context, particularly leadership, on proactive behavior. We also review the interaction effects between social context factors and other factors on employee proactive behavior and found inconsistent support for the motivational‐fit perspective that stimuli with the same directions enhance each other's effect. We offer a research agenda to advance theoretical insights on this important topic.     

矿工工作压力对心理社会安全行为的影响机理及实证研究

为研究工作压力对矿工心理社会安全行为的影响机理,探讨安全心理资本的中介作用以及心理社会安全氛围的调节作用,从积极心理学视角出发,对203名一线矿工进行实证分析。研究结果表明:矿工的安全心理资本在其工作压力与心理社会安全行为的负向关系中起中介作用;心理社会安全氛围能调节工作压力与安全心理资本之间的关系;心理社会安全氛围能够调节安全心理资本在工作压力与心理社会安全行为关系间的中介作用。     

基于机器学习方法的安全帽佩戴行为检测

施工现场作业人员是否佩戴安全帽主要依靠人工检查,存在监管效率低、时效性差等问题,为了实时自动监管作业人员是否佩戴安全帽,提出1种基于机器学习的安全帽佩戴行为检测方法。首先利用深度学习YOLOv3算法检测出现场视频中的施工人员脸部位置,根据安全帽与人脸的关系估算出安全帽潜在区域;然后对安全帽潜在区域图像进行增强处理,使用HOG（方向梯度直方图）提取样本的特征向量;再利用SVM（机器学习的支持向量机）分类器对脸部上方是否有安全帽进行判断,进而实现对施工人员安全帽佩戴行为的实时检测与预警。以某高铁站施工现场为例进行验证,研究数据表明在施工通道和塔吊作业区域,该方法可实时有效检测出工人未佩戴安全帽的行为,识别率达90%。     

基于HFACS的中国特别重大煤矿事故研究

特别重大煤矿事故一直被认为是中国最严重的社会问题之一。本论文的研究目标有两个。首先,分析中国特别重大煤矿事故的致因因素;其次,定量考察事故致因因素间的相互作用关系。基于HFACS模型,在层级层面上,94起特别重大煤矿事故的实证表明:"不安全行为"的发生频率最高;在类别层面上,"监管不力"的发生频率最高;在指标层面上,"对违法行为失察或制止不力"的发生频率最高。借助OR技术,计算得出上一层级对下一层级指标的影响关系,并得到了一系列致因因素间的影响路径,这为遏制和预防特别重大煤矿事故提供了"路线图"。