远洋船员的机体功能状态与适航性研究

将远洋航行船员的内在和外在环境作为人因失效根原因和关键环节进行分析研讨,指出其对船员机体功能造成的负面影响,而产生失效行为,造成船舶事故.基于马尔可夫链原理,建立远洋船员的机体功能状态在航行链中的变化过程矩阵.根据对中远集团部分远洋船员统计数据,建立机体状态初始向量,结合过程矩阵进行仿真,结果显示船员从第5个月时,开始出现再适应期(休船期).考虑到航运业具体特点,远洋船员的航行时间以4个月为益,不要超过6个月.从船员机体状态适航性的角度,根据船员的状态向量的转换结果,分析和预测船员的适航性,对船员进行合理配置能有效提高船舶的航行安全.     

推行注册助理安全工程师制度的探讨

根据不同产业就业人数,估算我国企业所需的安全管理人员和安全工程师数量;从学历角度分析注册安全工程师与企业安全管理人员的差距;考察和研讨不同省(市)安全生产工作特点及对安全生产管理人员的需求;认为注册助理安全工程师准入门槛较低,更贴近企业安全管理人员的实际水平。笔者认为,推行注册助理安全工程师制度,地方可以根据需要培养安全生产管理和技术人员;将注册助理安全工程师定位于企业日常安全生产管理和技术工作,相当于企业基层或中层安全管理岗位。该制度的建立将成为安全生产人力资源开发工作的一种新思维、新手段。     

基于行为科学的煤矿安全文化建设模式研究

针对煤矿企业的特点,简要分析国内煤矿企业安全现状及存在问题;探讨我国煤矿事故发生的致因与根源,认为人的不安全行为是煤矿重特大事故频发的主要原因;从煤矿企业所处的环境和自身发展的要求出发,提出以行为科学为理论基础的安全文化建设思路,改变传统安全文化建设中突出硬件建设的做法,把建设的重心转移到"人因"上,突出人的行为与意识在安全文化建设中的地位和作用;引入行为科学的个体行为理论、群体动力理论及组织行为理论,提出一种以个人-群体-组织系统相结合的煤矿安全文化创新建设模式,并分别对个体、群体及组织安全文化建设进行论述,针对构建煤矿安全文化创新机制提出了建议与对策。     

对人体静电防护的几点认识

通过对人体静电的产生及危害的分析,总结人体静电防护常见的误区,并就如何正确防护人体静电进行归纳。     

Landowner motivations for watershed restoration: lessons from five watersheds

Collaborative watershed management initiatives have increased tremendously over the past decade. One of the critical questions for these initiatives is how to influence private land management practices to improve watershed health. This article researches landowner motivations and preferences for watershed restoration efforts in five watersheds in Western Oregon. Based on a survey of 446 landowners and 80 personal interviews, the research revealed that landowner perspectives vary by socio-economic, cultural, and land use characteristics. They are strongly motivated by a concern for future generations and interpersonal influence is particularly important. Finances, time, and unfamiliarity were all significant barriers to the adoption of conservation practices. The findings also revealed considerable variation among landowners as to their trusted sources of information and preferred outreach methods. Beyond the findings in Oregon, the research suggests that watershed initiatives need to understand landowner characteristics and motivating factors to better promote watershed restoration and target outreach efforts.     

系统化、自然化、经济化、人性化—城市人居环境规划方法的生态转型

讨论了城市环境问题的生态学实质,国际城市人居环境生态学研究动向,以及城市人居环境建设的生态转型方法,重点介绍了城市人居环境规划中的系统化,自然化,经济化,人性化趋势,并从观念与目标的转型,规划与设计的转型和技术与材料革新等方面探讨了城市生态建设的转型方法。     

Effects of the tsunami on fisheries and coastal livelihood: a case study of tsunami-ravaged southern Sri Lanka

Beyond the death toll, the tsunami of 26 December 2004 crippled many of the livelihood assets (human, social, physical, financial and natural) available to assist those directly affected. Drawing on surveys of three villages in three districts in the south of Sri Lanka, this paper describes the livelihood asset building capacity of the fishing communities. Assessments are also made of the impact of the tsunami on coastal communities and the impact of government policy on rebuilding. A livelihood asset score was calculated for each village by comparing their strengths in capacity building. In all aspects of capital building, including human, social, financial, physical and natural capital, the fishing community in Tangalle was significantly ahead of the fishing communities in Hikkaduwa and Weligama. Experienced fishermen with better educational backgrounds had a significant influence on the capacity building of livelihood assets. Relocation and resettlement plans brought persistent uncertainty to fishermen in Hikkaduwa and Weligama and threatened to disrupt their community bonds and social networks.     

Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature

Because of recent volume increases, appropriate management of plastic recycling, which generates various organic compounds, is required to ensure the chemical safety of the processes. The processing temperature and resin type are the important factors determining both the efficiency of the processes and the emission of chemicals. Therefore, we studied the thermal degradation of various plastics at various temperatures from 70 to 300 °C under oxygen-present conditions to identify the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted and to understand their thermal behaviors. The plastics examined were nitrogen-containing resins, such as polyamide 6, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Major commodity plastics were also investigated for comparison. In total, more than 500 SVOCs were detected as emissions from plastics. While various nitrogen-containing SVOCs were detected from nitrogen-containing resins, the major commodity plastics released only these, which possibly were included as additives. These results indicate that the nitrogen atoms in the SVOCs emitted originated from the resins and additives, and not from ambient air at low temperature. As a result of the detection of raw materials, degradation chemicals and by-products of the polymers in the emissions, we found that the variation in chemical species is dependent on the resins. Additives were also emitted from all the resins, meaning that these chemicals were also released to the environment at the temperature examined. In most cases, the numbers and concentrations of SVOCs increased with increasing heating temperature. The variation of thermal behaviors of SVOCs was related to the origins and chemical species of SVOCs.     

可持续发展理念下的地质环境承载力初步探讨

在环境承载力概念的基础上定义了地质环境承载力,讨论了地质环境承载力的内在涵义及特点,以城市地质环境为例,探讨了地质环境承载力评价的工作程序。     

卤代酚复合污染对鲤科金鱼的生化毒性效应研究

为探讨卤代酚复合污染对水生生物的联合毒性效应,探究较为可靠的检测方法,根据所选6种卤代酚化学结构的相似程度和48 h LC₅₀值,将其分为3组二元混合物进行急性暴露实验, 毒性单位比为1∶1,每组分2个浓度级别观察金鱼生物学行为的变化,同时检测金鱼肝脏中3种抗氧化酶(SOD,CAT和GSH-Px)活性以及酶活性影响率的变化. 结果表明:3组卤代酚对金鱼肝脏中3种抗氧化酶的酶活性影响率变化均有显著性差异(P<0.01);3种抗氧化酶中仅SOD在1/2LC₅₀剂量暴露组中均表现为明显升高的酶活性激活率或酶活性抑制率,提示SOD较适合作为卤代酚低浓度复合水污染情况监测的生物化学检测指标.