有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的人群暴露和甲状腺毒性的研究进展

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)是使用最为广泛的有机磷阻燃剂,并兼具增塑剂、消泡剂和萃取剂等功能,被广泛用于电子产品、建筑材料和塑料材料等中,导致其在环境介质中普遍存在,对生态系统和人体健康构成巨大威胁.作为一种新型环境污染物,OPEs的人群暴露特征和生物毒性成为环境健康领域的研究热...     

Assessment of the Enabling Rural Innovation (ERI) approach: Case studies from Malawi and Uganda

This paper presents lessons from applying an innovative action research approach for linking smallholder farmers to markets, in eastern and southern Africa. The Enabling Rural Innovation (ERI) approach aims to strengthen social organization and entrepreneurial capacity in rural communities. It focuses on fostering community‐based capacity for the inclusion of rural women and the poor in analyzing and accessing market opportunities. Using case studies from Malawi and Uganda the paper assesses the outcomes of ERI on rural communities with a focus on human capital, gender issues and investment in natural resource management. Results show that households are benefiting significantly from linkages to markets in terms of increasing household incomes, and accumulating assets. Skills in analyzing markets and in negotiating with traders have increased among smallholder farmers. The integration of gender in the approach has led to changes in gender decision making patterns at household and community level towards a more shared decision‐making process. The results however show a difference in skills between men and women, with women showing lower levels of skills acquisition. Farmer participatory research has increased investments in improved technologies such as fertilizer applications for soil fertility management.     

Human Instability in Flood Flows1

Abstract: Loss of human stability in flood flows and consequent drowning are a high personal hazard. In this paper, we review past experimental work on human instability. The results of new experiments by the Flood Hazard Research Centre (FHRC) are also reported. These new results show that low depth/high velocity flood waters are more dangerous than suggested based on previous experimental work. It is discussed how human instability can be related to two physical mechanisms: moment instability (toppling) and friction instability (sliding). Comparison of the test results with these physical mechanisms suggests that the occurrence of instability in the tests by FHRC is related to friction instability. This mechanism appears to occur earlier than moment instability for the combination of shallow depth and high flow velocity. Those concerned to identify locations where high flood flows could be a threat to human life need to modify their hazard assessments accordingly.     

汶川县生态保护红线人类活动本底调查评估

生态保护红线是国家和区域生态安全的底线,以阿坝州汶川县划定的生态保护红线区为研究区域,利用GIS软件对研究区域内人类活动遥感影像进行遥感解译,并对研究区生态保护红线内的人类活动进行本底实地调查,结合遥感解译和实地调查结果,对红线内人类活动强度进行了评价.结果 表明:红线内人类活动面积共计142.04hm2,人类活动斑块...     

融合自然-人为因子改进回归克里格对土壤镉空间分布预测

掌握土壤重金属的空间分布对于科学制定土壤污染风险管控策略具有重要支撑作用.针对目前重金属空间模拟较少考虑影响因素且平行变量间存在多重共线性,导致预测精度较低问题,选取自然-人为的23个影响因素,采用OK(普通克里格法)、NRK(仅基于自然因子的回归克里格法)和NARK(基于自然-人为因子的回归克里格法)对土壤镉空间分布...     

高氯酸盐环境行为与生态毒理研究进展

高氯酸盐是一种无机污染物质,其特点是扩散速度快、稳定性高、难降解,较低浓度的高氯酸盐可干扰甲状腺的正常功能,从而影响人体正常的新陈代谢,阻碍人体正常的生长和发育,其环境污染问题已引起了人们高度关注,成为近年环境科学和医学的研究热点.文章在介绍高氯酸盐的理化性质和用途的基础上,综述了各地水体环境、饮用水以及牛奶、蔬菜等食品中高氯酸盐的污染现状,发现很多国家境内都存在不同程度的高氯酸盐污染,高氯酸盐在中国环境中也是普遍存在的,在污水淤泥、水稻、瓶装饮用水和牛奶中均能检测到;初步探讨了高氯酸盐在土壤和水体中的环境行为,认为环境中高氯酸根离子的降解主要是生化降解,微生物在其降解过程中起主要作用;综述了高氯酸盐对植物、动物、微生物和人体的急慢性毒性效应,指出自然环境中的高氯酸盐浓度很有可能具有慢性毒性;最后就高氯酸盐在生态环境中的检测方法和生物降解等研究前沿进行了展望,为今后高氯酸盐的使用、污染预防及治理提供参考.     

燃煤型砷中毒的最低有效累积暴露剂量初探

以陕南燃煤型砷中毒病区的5个自然村为调查采样点,通过现场流行病学调查和环境样品的分析测定,分析砷暴露人群的砷暴露途径,估算各暴露途径(呼吸、饮水和食物)的暴露剂量及对总暴露的贡献率,探讨引发燃煤型地方性砷中毒发病的最低有效暴露剂量。研究结果表明,除对照村外,采暖季各村的烤火间和卧室空气砷含量均有不同程度的超标,水和粮食未受燃煤砷污染。在采暖季,高砷煤燃烧污染的空气是人群砷暴露的主要来源;在非采暖季消化道砷暴露是各村的主要摄砷途径;表明消化道暴露对累积砷暴露的贡献不容忽视。结合问卷调查和流行病学调查结果,估算陕南病区引发燃煤型砷中毒的最低累积暴露剂量在1 712 mg左右。     

铅暴露U251细胞差异表达基因及相关通路(The Interrelated Pathways in Brain Human U251 Glioma Cells by Lead Exposure)

为探讨铅对体外培养的人神经胶质瘤U251细胞(human U251glioma cells,U251)暴露后基因表达的变化以及相关基因通路,选用乙酸铅暴露U251细胞.细胞在乙酸铅中暴露8h和24h后提取RNA,使用cDNA芯片分析基因表达情况,芯片扫描结果经归一化处理,设定Ratio值<0.5或≥2.0为表达有差异基因.结果表明,铅暴露U251细胞导致2840条基因差异表达,使用KEGG和BioCarta数据库分析代表性基因网络.结果发现,铅暴露U251细胞导致大量基因差异表达,涉及多个代谢及信号通路,与神经组织相关的主要信号通路有Ca2+信号通路、Jak-STAT信号通路、MAPK信号通路、Wnt信号通路等,还涉及配体-受体、细胞因子相互作用等.这些通路相互联结,构成复杂的网络系统,调控细胞的生物学功能.     

Energy,food, and land — The ecological traps of humankind

Humans’ superiority over all other organisms on earth rests on five main foundations: command of fire requiring fuel; controlled production of food and other biotic substances; utilization of metals and other non-living materials for construction and appliances; technically determined, urban-oriented living standard; economically and culturally regulated societal organization. The young discipline of ecology has revealed that the progress of civilization and technology attained, and being further pursued by humankind, and generally taken for granted and permanent, is leading into ecological traps. This metaphor circumscribes ecological situations where finite resources are being exhausted or rendered non-utilizable without a realistic prospect of restitution. Energy, food and land are the principal, closely interrelated traps; but the absolutely decisive resource in question is land whose increasing scarcity is totally underrated. Land is needed for fulfilling growing food demands, for producing renewable energy in the post-fossil and post-nuclear era, for maintaining other ecosystem services, for urban-industrial uses, transport, material extraction, refuse deposition, but also for leisure, recreation, and nature conservation. All these needs compete for land, food and non-food biomass production moreover for good soils that are scarcer than ever. We are preoccupied with fighting climate change and loss of biodiversity; but these are minor problems we could adapt to, albeit painfully, and their solution will fail if we are caught in the interrelated traps of energy, food, and land scarcity. Land and soils, finite and irreproducible resources, are the key issues we have to devote our work to, based on careful ecological information, planning and design for proper uses and purposes. The article concludes with a short reflection on economy and competition as general driving forces, and on the role and reputation of today’s ecology. Updated version of the keynote lecture presented at the EcoSummit 2007 in Beijing, China, May 24. The article is gratefully dedicated to the memory of my late colleague and friend Frank B. Golley.     

我国海岸带灾害成因分析及减灾对策

近年来海岸带灾害越来越成为制约海岸带－我国最重要的经济带社会、经济和环境可持续发展的重要因素。本文在全球变化和人类活动影响的背景下,分析探讨了我国海岸带灾害的基本成因,并提出了相应的概念性减灾对策框架,海岸带生态环境的脆弱性,全球变化（相对海平面变化、气候异常）和人类活动是导致我国海岸带灾害的3个主要方面。据此,认为减灾的关键在于合理规范人类行为,保护和改善本已十分脆弱的海岸带生态环境,使人与自然界和谐相处;对于全球变化诱发的灾害,则力求基于科学认识与预测,在海岸带开发中合理规划建设,做到未雨绸缪,实现海岸带社会经济可持续发展。