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691.
为正确评价人为因素对户外端子箱失效的影响,利用CREAM(Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method)模型的共同绩效条件分析端子箱操作过程中人的行为机理以及行为可靠性因素;应用SLIM(Success Likelihood Index Method)模型计算人为失误概率,并采用比例故障模型计算户外端子箱自身的故障率;以某断路器端子箱为例进行验证。结果表明:研究案例的人为失误概率为1.56%,设备故障率为0.84%,系统的风险值为10.7%,系统的风险等级为3;从概率的角度说明事故发生原因中人为因素的影响更大。因此,从行为可靠性影响因素层面对人为失误概率进行调控,可使户外端子箱操作人因可靠性得到提高,系统的风险等级随之降低。 相似文献
692.
Working toward sustainable community is a complex task for communities especially given the ambiguous nature of implementing
the concept of sustainable development. However, by working to understand the nature of community capital, administrators
can begin to move beyond bottom line thinking toward a more comprehensive and collective view of community. This paper presents
a theoretical framework that helps municipal decision makers begin collecting information they need to help them build sustainable
and resilient communities.
相似文献
Edith G. CallaghanEmail: |
693.
全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物水生生态风险和人体健康风险评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(Perfluorooctanesulfonate,PFOS )广泛用于工农业生产,PFOS可通过不同的迁移路径迁移到大气、水和土壤等环境介质中。研究表明,PFOS是一种新的持久性有机物污染物,具有毒性,可通过食物链富集。2006年PFOS被欧盟议会和部长理事会列为限制销售和使用物质。本文引用中国沿海、亚洲海域和美国部分水域的PFOS暴露浓度数据,采用商值法对PFOS的水生生态环境风险进行了评价,建立了5 种因素水平的数学模型,并应用此数学模型对PFOS的人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明我国部分地区和亚洲沿海PFOS的水生生态风险低于美国水域,亚洲沿海、我国部分地区以及美国部分城市水体中PFOS个人风险大小依次是我国部分地区<亚洲沿海<美国部分城市。 相似文献
694.
This article presents the application of an integrated method that estimates the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) in air, and assesses the human health risk associated with PAHs inhalation. An uncertainty analysis method consisting of three
components were applied in this study, where the three components include a bootstrapping method for analyzing the whole process
associated uncertainty, an inhalation rate (IR) representation for evaluating the total PAH inhalation risk for human health, and a
normally distributed absorption fraction (AF) ranging from 0% to 100% to represent the absorption capability of PAHs in human body.
Using this method, an integrated process was employed to assess the health risk of the residents in Beijing, China, from inhaling PAHs
in the air. The results indicate that the ambient air PAHs in Beijing is an important contributor to human health impairment, although
over 68% of residents seem to be safe from daily PAH carcinogenic inhalation. In general, the accumulated daily inhalation amount is
relatively higher for male and children at 10 years old of age than for female and children at 6 years old. In 1997, about 1.73% cancer
sufferers in Beijing were more or less related to ambient air PAHs inhalation. At 95% confidence interval, approximately 272–309
individual cancer incidences can be attributed to PAHs pollution in the air. The probability of greater than 500 cancer occurrence is
15.3%. While the inhalation of ambient air PAHs was shown to be an important factor responsible for higher cancer occurrence in
Beijing, while the contribution might not be the most significant one. 相似文献
695.
696.
D.H.?WardropEmail author J.A.?Bishop M.?Easterling K.?Hychka W.?Myers G.P.?Patil Charles?Taillie 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2005,12(2):209-223
The Atlantic Slope Consortium (ASC) is a project designed to develop and test a set of indicators in coastal systems that are ecologically appropriate, economically reasonable, and relevant to society. The suite of indicators will produce integrated assessments of the condition, health and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems based on ecological and socioeconomic information compiled at the scale of estuarine segments and small watersheds. The research mandate of the ASC project is the following:
Using a universe of watersheds, covering a range of social choices, we ask two questions:
As a basis for compiling ecological indicators, a watershed classification system was required for the experimental design. The goal was to develop approximately five categories of watersheds for each physiographic province, utilizing landscape and land use parameters that would be predictive of aquatic resource condition. All 14-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic region would then be classified according to the regime. Five parameters were utilized for the classification: three land cover categories, consisting of forested, agricultural, and urban, median slope or median elevation, and total variance of land covers in 1-km-radius circles positioned on all stream convergence points in a specified 14-digit?HUC watershed. Cluster analysis utilizing these five parameters resulted in approximately five well-defined watershed classes per physiographic province. The distribution of all watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic region across these categories provides a unique report on the probable condition of watersheds in the region. 相似文献
- ? How “good” can the environment be, given those social choices?
- ? What is the intellectual model of condition within those choices, i.e., what are the causes of condition and what are the steps for improvement?
697.
《组织行为杂志》2017,38(3):415-438
Combining the macro perspective of strategic human resource (HR) management with applied psychology's micro approaches, this paper helps to differentiate the effects of HR practices on individual‐level outcomes by introducing two distinct HR practice bundles. We draw on social exchange theory to hypothesize (i) main effects of both growth‐enhancing and maintenance‐enhancing bundles on affective organizational commitment and in‐role behavior and (ii) moderating effects of age and maintenance‐enhancing practices on work outcomes, such that increasing employee age attenuates the positive impact of HR practices. The results of a multilevel study comprising 600 employees and their direct supervisors in 64 business units provide support for the hypothesized main effects on affective commitment and the interaction between age and maintenance‐enhancing practices on work outcomes. We discuss the results, theoretical contributions, and practical implications of the study, as well as future research directions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
698.
研究了不同粒径的大气细颗粒物对人肺癌上皮细胞A549的生物学效应,探讨了大气中细颗粒物粒径与细胞毒性的关系。采集杭州市大气中不同粒径的细颗粒物,制备成不同粒径的颗粒物总悬浮液,将A549细胞暴露于该制备液24 h后,测定细胞活力(MTT法)和培养液上清液中的LDH含量;并选择最佳浓度为后续暴露剂量,测定ROS生成量,评价不同粒径大气细颗粒物对细胞损伤效应。此外,还采用RTPCR测定凋亡基因P50、BAX、BCL-2表达情况。不同粒径的细颗粒物均显著抑制A549细胞活力,LDH显著增多,并存在剂量-效应关系;最佳染毒质量浓度为10μg/m L;ROS的生成量和各个凋亡基因的mRNA表达量均高于对照组。大气中不同粒径的细颗粒物均能对A549细胞产生毒性,并且随粒径增加,颗粒物对细胞的毒性呈降低趋势。 相似文献
699.
700.
为了研究海南昌化江典型海岛型河口海域生物体多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况,应用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析了33种海洋生物体内16种优先控制PAHs的含量,并探讨了PAHs组分、来源和潜在的食用风险.结果表明,底层鱼类(湿重,下同)、甲壳类和中上层鱼类生物体PAHs总量范围分别为5.52~787.98、 12.18~154.64和10.20~199.79 ng·g~(-1),平均含量分别为83.21、 64.72和89.48 ng·g~(-1).各类生物体中PAHs含量存在一定的差异,平均含量由高到低依次为:中上层鱼类、底层鱼类和甲壳类.与国内外其他地区相比,昌化江河口海域生物体PAHs污染处于中低水平.来源分析结果显示,33种海洋生物体中PAHs主要来源于燃烧源(石油燃烧和生物质燃烧)和石油源,且底层生物受到燃烧源影响较大,而中上层生物受到石油源影响较大.风险评价结果显示苯并[a]芘(BaP)含量处于欧盟规定的限值范围,昌化江河口海域大部分生物处于食用安全范围内,但长期食用这些海产品可能会有潜在的健康风险(1.0×10~(-5)≤ILCR1.0×10~(-4)). 相似文献