赫尔曼·戴利及其生态经济理论评述

赫尔曼.E.戴利是美国著名的生态经济学家,对主流经济增长理论的尖锐批评而闻名于学术界。在批判主流经济增长理论的基础上,戴利形成了自己独具特色的生态经济思想。他的理论贡献主要包括可持续发展、宏观环境经济学和稳态经济等几个方面。     

Community action for environmental restoration: a case study on collective social capital in India

In southern India, tens of thousands of village-level irrigation systems (‘tanks’ and feeder channels) are in disrepair. This paper analyses the results of a local NGO effort that focused on awareness-raising and advice to bring about self-sustained community action for irrigation system restoration. After designing a model structure that contains both motivational and capacity (social capital) factors, it is found that (pre-existing) collective social capital, as measured through five simple indicators, strongly correlates with success of the NGO strategy. The intensity of the NGO’s effort shows a negative correlation with success, however. The discussion focuses on issues of social capital definition and measurement and the practical implications of the concept for environmental action, especially the difference between using existing social capital for environmental management versus the construction of social capital as a basis for later self-sustained environmental work. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Decline in Relative Abundance of Bottlenose Dolphins Exposed to Long-Term Disturbance

Abstract:  Studies evaluating effects of human activity on wildlife typically emphasize short-term behavioral responses from which it is difficult to infer biological significance or formulate plans to mitigate harmful impacts. Based on decades of detailed behavioral records, we evaluated long-term impacts of vessel activity on bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Australia. We compared dolphin abundance within adjacent 36-km² tourism and control sites, over three consecutive 4.5-year periods wherein research activity was relatively constant but tourism levels increased from zero, to one, to two dolphin-watching operators. A nonlinear logistic model demonstrated that there was no difference in dolphin abundance between periods with no tourism and periods in which one operator offered tours. As the number of tour operators increased to two, there was a significant average decline in dolphin abundance (14.9%; 95% CI =−20.8 to −8.23), approximating a decline of one per seven individuals. Concurrently, within the control site, the average increase in dolphin abundance was not significant (8.5%; 95% CI =−4.0 to +16.7). Given the substantially greater presence and proximity of tour vessels to dolphins relative to research vessels, tour-vessel activity contributed more to declining dolphin numbers within the tourism site than research vessels. Although this trend may not jeopardize the large, genetically diverse dolphin population of Shark Bay, the decline is unlikely to be sustainable for local dolphin tourism. A similar decline would be devastating for small, closed, resident, or endangered cetacean populations. The substantial effect of tour vessels on dolphin abundance in a region of low-level tourism calls into question the presumption that dolphin-watching tourism is benign.     

岷江上游聚落分布规律及其生态特征——以四川理县为例

聚落是人类生存的重要空间形式，而聚落生态系统是人类生态系统的基本功能单位。山区聚落生态系统是山区人地关系的集中反映。岷江上游既是一个多民族聚居区，又是典型的生态环境脆弱区。岷江上游特殊的地理环境和生态条件 决定了聚落垂直分布的超常规性及其与自然垂直生态带的适应性。生态脆弱区聚落的发展受到耕地、能源和水资源的制约。聚落生态系统是区域生态系统的重要组成部分。聚落生态系统质量的提高既有赖于区域环境的改善，又可以为区域环境的改善创造条件。目前，由于人口的大量增加，人类活动的加剧，岷江上游聚落生态系统面临着更加严峻的生态和经济问题。要解决这些问题，除采取区域性的措施外（如停止对天然林的砍伐），还必须在聚落生态系统的水平上采取适当的对策。     

People matter: The importance of social capital in the co-management of natural resources

Co‐management involves the shared administration of natural resources by two or more parties. This study examines the role of social capital in the process of developing co‐management in three river corridors in Canada. Qualitative analysis reveals that social capital acts as a catalyst helping groups to progress through the stages of the co‐management process. Forms of social capital (bridging and bonding) are identified that advance and/or inhibit the development of co‐management. The article reaffirms the need to expand the institutional basis for natural resource management and provides empirical evidence that social capital plays a fundamental role in developing co‐management. In conclusion, the article suggests that resource agencies need to recognize the value of social capital and the necessity for government representatives to be informed of and practiced in these skills, if they are to engage meaningfully with the civilian population.     

南洞庭湖湿地鱼类生境景观变化及其人为驱动

通过实地调查和制图分析,研究1983~2013年南洞庭湖区万子湖湿地和鱼类生境景观变化及其人为驱动,结果表明:湿地洲滩面积由1.410×104 hm2增加到2.135×104 hm2,敞水面面积由1.363×104 hm2减少到0.631×104 hm2;芦苇洲减少,但林地由0.056×104 hm2增加到0.728×104 hm2并扩展到保护区核心区;新增泥围21个、网围10个,引淤、沥水排水设施长度增加了201.71km。人为干扰对景观变化有极大影响,其中引种意大利杨及芦苇改变了地形和群落结构,挤占了自然演替条件下应有的草洲景观空间,使鱼类产卵、索饵的适宜生境减少;泥围作为有害渔法,与网围都处于建设发展阶段,占据了草洲、洼地等鱼类产卵、索饵的适宜生境;引淤渠建设使大面积湖泊快速淤积成洲,将水生生态景观转变为大多数时间干露的以陆相生态景观为主的水陆相生态景观,鱼类生境被压缩,并对南洞庭自然保护区核心区继续发挥促淤作用。     

基于USEtox的焦化行业优先污染物筛选排序研究

针对焦化污染物的毒性影响,以山西省清徐市某焦化厂为研究对象,通过采样分析、文献调研,构建了焦化厂污染物排放清单,采用生命周期影响评价(LCIA)模型USEtox计算焦化污染物排放的人体及生态毒性影响,对结果进行排序筛选,分析并识别了焦化行业优先污染物、污染优先控制工段以及焦化厂选址对毒性排放的影响,为区域人体健康及生态环境保护提供了科学依据.结果表明,焦化行业排放的人体毒性优先污染物为苯并[a]芘、锌等,生态毒性优先污染物为芘、蒽等;在装煤、焦炉烟囱、推焦和熄焦这4个工段的排放中,有机毒性排放集中于装煤工段,优先污染物为苯并[a]芘、苯、萘、二苯[a,h]蒽等,金属毒性排放集中于熄焦工段,优先污染物为锌、砷、锑、汞等;焦化污染物毒性受排放地区的影响,厂区从城市迁至农村的过程可以大幅降低有机物的毒性影响,但是对于金属毒性的降低并无积极作用,并且会增加农村土壤和水体受重金属污染的风险.     

滇池沉积物中主要污染物含量时间分异特征研究

基于滇池10个监测点(1991~2010年)表层沉积物中主要污染物(Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Sn、Zn、TP以及KN)含量数据,利用SOM自组织映射神经网络对污染物时间演变特征进行识别.将1991~2010年分为4个阶段,1991~1995年低含量阶段;1996~2001年高含量阶段;2002~2006年含量波动阶段;2007~2010年含量回落阶段.各沉积物中污染物的变化模式不尽相同,但各类重金属含量峰值多集中出现在1996~1999年、2005~2007年2个时间段内.在污染物含量变化的时序分析基础上,参考入湖污染负荷、污染源普查数据等相关资料,分析人类活动对滇池沉积物中主要污染物的影响,发现人类活动对沉积物中污染物含量变化的影响很大,在污染物排放量大的时期,沉积物中污染物含量也会随之出现明显升高,在采取污染控制及治理措施后,沉积物中污染物含量会随之下降.     

人金属硫蛋白基因(MT1E)在毕赤酵母中的表达及其铬抗性

金属硫蛋白(Metallothionein,MT)是一类富含半胱氨酸的蛋白质,巯基含量丰富,其半胱氨酸上的巯基对重金属离子有极强的结合力,能够结合重金属形成无毒或低毒的络合物,具有重金属解毒的功能.本文根据已公布的人金属硫蛋白基因MT1E序列,用Vector NTI 7.0软件设计合成12条寡聚核苷酸片段,并拼接得到MT1E完整基因.将测序正确的MT1E基因克隆至酵母表达载体pPIC9K,酶切验证后的阳性克隆命名为pPIC9K-MT1E,含有该重组基因的毕赤酵母工程菌命名为GS115/pPIC9K-MT1E.通过酶联免疫(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,ELISA)方法检测到GS115/pPIC9K-MT1E工程菌发酵液有金属硫蛋白酶活性,表明人金属硫蛋白MT1E基因能在毕赤酵母GS115菌株中正确分泌表达.铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)重金属抗性分析表明,工程菌GS115/pPIC9K-MT1E对Cr(Ⅵ)的抗性较强,有解毒重金属Cr(Ⅵ)的能力.     

海洋环境水下电磁场激励源综述

通过总结海洋环境水下电磁场源的产生机理、基本特性、频带幅值以及观测方法,确定了不同海域普遍存在、影响程度较大并且规律性较强的场源。最终给出具有重要研究价值的典型场源,即海洋大地电磁场、海浪感应电磁场、海流感应电磁场和工频电磁场。