太湖流域双酚AF和双酚S人体健康水质基准的研究

作为双酚A(Bisphenol A, BPA)的替代物,双酚AF(Bisphenol AF, BPAF)和双酚S(Bisphenol S, BPS)在工业中被广泛使用.近年来,BPAF和BPS在水环境中不断被检出,由于其难降解特性和较高的毒性效应,可能会对水生态系统和人体健康造成不利影响.基于此,本文以太湖流域为研究对象,开展太湖的人体健康基准研究,依据本土化人体暴露参数、水质参数、BPAF和BPS的生物累积系数等相关数据,推导出太湖流域BPAF和BPS基于人体健康风险的水环境质量基准值(Ambient Water Quality Criteria, AWQC)分别为0.4455μg·L~(-1)和10.02μg·L~(-1).此外,通过对特殊人群和普通人群的人体健康基准值进行比较,发现特殊人群的基准值均低于普通人群的基准值.该研究推导的BPAF和BPS基于人体健康风险的水环境质量基准值,可为我国双酚替代物的环境风险管理、人体健康基准研究和水环境质量标准的修订工作提供技术支持.     

喀斯特地区供水水库营养演化历史重建

利用²¹⁰Pb-¹³⁷Cs年代学方法,结合洪水事件沉积层,综合建立了红枫湖沉积岩芯准确的年代学模型.在此基础上,通过测定沉积物多种地球化学指标（LOI、TOC、TN、C/N比、δ¹³C_org、BSi）,结合历史文献记录和已有的水质监测数据,重建了1960~2016年红枫湖营养状态变化历史.结果表明,建库以来红枫湖水体经历了多次营养状态的显著转换.其中,1991年开始水体逐渐从中营养转向富营养化状态,主要是人类活动引起的内、外源营养物质输入显著增加所致,特别是网箱养鱼活动可能起到重要作用;2000年开始,水体逐渐转向中营养化,主要是一系列保护和治理措施的实施;2004年开始,水体再次逐渐恶化,转向富营养化状态,主要是外源污染物输入增加,加上内源底泥营养物质的重新释放;2009年以来,水质逐渐改善,处于中营养化状态,主要是外源污染得到有效控制,但表层营养物质含量较高,现阶段在减少外源污染物输入的同时,应重点加强底泥污染物的治理工作.     

高原城市室内灰尘对人角膜上皮细胞损伤研究

收集高海拔城市昆明不同功能区室内灰尘,利用等离子发射光谱仪分析不同粒径（F1~F4：100~2000,75~100,63~75,45~63μm）灰尘中Pb,Cu,Cd,Zn,Cr,Ni,Co,As和Mn的含量,借助人工泪液提取的方法,测定目标重金属的可溶出率（生物可给性）,并分析室内灰尘人工泪提取液对人角膜上皮细胞的毒性效应.结果表明,办公室灰尘中Ni,Mn,Zn显著高于家庭及学生宿舍（P<0.01）,且Cd,Ni,Zn的含量高于昆明市土壤背景值的39.3、9.5、12.3倍.居民住宅Co（10.6%）、办公室As（16.1%）及学生宿舍Mn（36.0%）溶出率最高.重金属元素在粒径分布规律上表现出不同特征,办公室及宿舍灰尘重金属易在63~100μm粒径范围内富集.人角膜上皮细胞经室内灰尘人工泪提取液暴露24h后,低浓度（20μg/mL）、高浓度（1280μg/mL）分别促进和抑制细胞增殖,与对照组相比较均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）.细胞炎症因子IL-1β和TNF-α相对表达量显著增加,提示昆明室内灰尘暴露有诱发角膜炎症疾病发生的风险.     

中国大河流域开发与国家文明发育

水是生命之源。大河流域既是地球淡水资源的关键载体,也是人类文明发育的主要摇篮。作为世界文明古国和现代发展中大国,中国的情况更是如此。长期的实践表明,大河流域的开发具有明显的生态效应极化特征:即在人文生态系统获取快速发育的同时,严重干扰和破坏了流域自然生态的系统发育及其多样化的发展。流域开发的程度越高,这种极化效应的特征也就越明显。论文的实证分析表明,由于缺乏流域开发生态效应的正确认识和过分追求人文发展利益发育最大化,黄河和长江两大流域的资源环境承载能力正在面临着日趋严峻的挑战。例如,河水断流、水质污染、湿地萎缩和水生物种消亡。为国家现代文明的永续发展计,亟需改变目前传统的"重开发、轻保护"大河流域资源环境开发观。     

Fringe View: Problems and Construction of Human Settlement Environment for Village-in-City

1 INTRODUCTIONAs a special pattern of community in city, "village-in-city"has objectively existed for many years, but it is only inrecent years that the phenomenon of "village-in-city" hasreally aroused the attention of scholars, government andmedia. The attention of government and media is mainlyfocused on the urban managerial problems that areproduced by "village-in-city", while the academic circlestry to explain the phenomenon of "village-in-city" andput forward measures in the academic…     

硫酸参与的湿热流域化学风化对河流水化学影响研究综述

河流水化学组成可以提供反映流域内岩石化学风化过程及河流离子来源等生物地球化学的信息。化学风化是全球碳循环的重要环节,湿热流域的水热条件可以促进流域岩石化学风化。硫酸和碳酸一样可以作为侵蚀介质参与流域岩石的化学风化,硫酸参与的湿热流域碳酸盐类化学风化可释放CO₂,但其参与的硅酸盐类化学风化对大气CO₂没有显著影响,故若不考虑硫酸作用将会导致对岩石化学风化作用下大气CO₂消耗通量的高估。水化学组成受到流域岩石化学风化的影响,通过对河流水化学组成和溶解无机碳（DIC）稳定同位素组成（δ¹³C）的分析可以确定河流水化学类型并揭示硫酸对流域岩石化学风化的定量影响。目前关于硫酸对河流水化学影响的研究逐渐增多,未来关于小流域尺度上硫酸对河流水化学的影响、硫酸影响下河流CO₂的脱气过程以及人类活动对河流水化学的影响等方面需要更多关注。     

Toxic effect of microcystin-LR on blood vessel development

Abstract

The effect of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) at 50–1000?nmol/L on blood vessel development of zebrafish embryos has been explored. Upon exposure 72-h-post-fertilization (hpf), the hatching rate was significantly reduced and malformation and fatality rates were increased in a dose-dependent manner. MC-LR induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1-phase and damaged DNA structure in a dose-dependent manner. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), MC-LR led to decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and increased lipid peroxidation. These findings indicated that MC-LR could cause oxidative DNA damage, which mediated cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell proliferation afterwards, and retarded the blood vessel development.     

Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Abstract

Objective: The introduction of integrated safety technologies in new car models calls for an improved understanding of the human occupant response in precrash situations. The aim of this article is to extensively study occupant muscle activation in vehicle maneuvers potentially occurring in precrash situations with different seat belt configurations.

Methods: Front seat male passengers wearing a 3-point seat belt with either standard or pre-pretensioning functionality were exposed to multiple autonomously carried out lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers while traveling at 73?km/h. This article focuses on muscle activation data (surface electromyography [EMG] normalized using maximum voluntary contraction [MVC] data) obtained from 38 muscles in the neck, upper extremities, the torso, and lower extremities. The raw EMG data were filtered, rectified, and smoothed. All muscle activations were presented in corridors of mean?±?one standard deviation. Separate Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were performed on volunteers’ muscle activation onset and amplitude considering 2 paired samples with the belt configuration as an independent factor.

Results: In normal driving conditions prior to any of the evasive maneuvers, activity levels were low (<2% MVC) in all muscles except for the lumbar extensors (3–5.5% MVC). During the lane change maneuver, selective muscles were activated and these activations restricted the sideway motions due to inertial loading. Averaged muscle activity, predominantly in the neck, lumbar extensor, and abdominal muscles, increased up to 24% MVC soon after the vehicle accelerated in lateral direction for all volunteers. Differences in activation time and amplitude between muscles in the right and left sides of the body were observed relative to the vehicle’s lateral motion. For specific muscles, lane changes with the pre-pretensioner belt were associated with earlier muscle activation onsets and significantly smaller activation amplitudes than for the standard belt (P?<?.05).

Conclusions: Applying a pre-pretensioner belt affected muscle activations; that is, amplitude and onset time. The present muscle activation data complement the results in a preceding publication, the volunteers’ kinematics and the boundary conditions from the same data set. An effect of belt configuration was also seen on previously published volunteers’ kinematics with lower lateral and forward displacements for head and upper torso using the pre-pretensioner belt versus the standard belt. The data provided in this article can be used for validation and further improvement of active human body models with active musculature in both sagittal and lateral loading scenarios intended for simulation of some evasive maneuvers that potentially occur prior to a crash.     

医疗器械中人的可靠性分析

医疗器械产品是一类直接关系到人生命健康的特殊产品.长期以来,医疗器械产品的使用安全性一直是亟待解决的重大问题.在医疗器械产品设计中进行人的可靠性分析能够进一步提高医疗质量,防止医疗事故.但是,这方面的工作目前还处于起步阶段.本文主要从医疗器械人的可靠性方面人手,定性及定量的分析人在使用器械时的可靠性问题.用SHEL模型来定性的分析医疗器械中人的可靠性的影响因素；用故障树方法及概率树对具体的多功能医用手术床进行定量分析；用第二代可靠性分析方法-CREAM解决定量分析的主观性问题；最后提出建立医疗器械人的可靠性数据库.以此为医疗器械产品设计提供了人的可靠性分析的方法.     

Conservation and the 4 Rs,which are rescue,rehabilitation, release,and research

Vertebrate animals can be injured or threatened with injury through human activities, thus warranting their “rescue.” Details of wildlife rescue, rehabilitation, release, and associated research (our 4 Rs) are often recorded in large databases, resulting in a wealth of available information. This information has huge research potential and can contribute to understanding of animal biology, anthropogenic impacts on wildlife, and species conservation. However, such databases have been little used, few studies have evaluated factors influencing success of rehabilitation and/or release, recommended actions to conserve threatened species have rarely arisen, and direct benefits for species conservation are yet to be demonstrated. We therefore recommend that additional research be based on data from rescue, rehabilitation, and release of animals that is broader in scope than previous research and would have community support.