环境激素的内分泌干扰机制及其对人体的影响

环境激素问题的调查研究标志着地球环境时代的到来。重点讨论了环境激素的分类、特征及其内分泌干扰机制,并涉及了环境激素对人体的影响,以期引起人们的关注和重视,加强这方面的调查研究。     

Exploring human–nature interactions in national parks with social media photographs and computer vision

Understanding the activities and preferences of visitors is crucial for managing protected areas and planning conservation strategies. Conservation culturomics promotes the use of user-generated online content in conservation science. Geotagged social media content is a unique source of in situ information on human presence and activities in nature. Photographs posted on social media platforms are a promising source of information, but analyzing large volumes of photographs manually remains laborious. We examined the application of state-of-the-art computer-vision methods to studying human–nature interactions. We used semantic clustering, scene classification, and object detection to automatically analyze photographs taken in Finnish national parks by domestic and international visitors. Our results showed that human–nature interactions can be extracted from user-generated photographs with computer vision. The different methods complemented each other by revealing broad visual themes related to level of the data set, landscape photogeneity, and human activities. Geotagged photographs revealed distinct regional profiles for national parks (e.g., preferences in landscapes and activities), which are potentially useful in park management. Photographic content differed between domestic and international visitors, which indicates differences in activities and preferences. Information extracted automatically from photographs can help identify preferences among diverse visitor groups, which can be used to create profiles of national parks for conservation marketing and to support conservation strategies that rely on public acceptance. The application of computer-vision methods to automatic content analysis of photographs should be explored further in conservation culturomics, particularly in combination with rich metadata available on social media platforms.     

Digital data sources and methods for conservation culturomics

Ongoing loss of biological diversity is primarily the result of unsustainable human behavior. Thus, the long-term success of biodiversity conservation depends on a thorough understanding of human–nature interactions. Such interactions are ubiquitous but vary greatly in time and space and are difficult to monitor efficiently at large spatial scales. However, the Information Age also provides new opportunities to better understand human–nature interactions because many aspects of daily life are recorded in a variety of digital formats. The emerging field of conservation culturomics aims to take advantage of digital data sources and methods to study human–nature interactions and thus to provide new tools for studying conservation at relevant temporal and spatial scales. Nevertheless, technical challenges associated with the identification, access, and analysis of relevant data hamper the wider adoption of culturomics methods. To help overcome these barriers, we propose a conservation culturomics research framework that addresses data acquisition, analysis, and inherent biases. The main sources of culturomic data include web pages, social media, and other digital platforms from which metrics of content and engagement can be obtained. Obtaining raw data from these platforms is usually desirable but requires careful consideration of how to access, store, and prepare the data for analysis. Methods for data analysis include network approaches to explore connections between topics, time-series analysis for temporal data, and spatial modeling to highlight spatial patterns. Outstanding challenges associated with culturomics research include issues of interdisciplinarity, ethics, data biases, and validation. The practical guidance we offer will help conservation researchers and practitioners identify and obtain the necessary data and carry out appropriate analyses for their specific questions, thus facilitating the wider adoption of culturomics approaches for conservation applications.     

Home buyouts and household recovery: neighborhood differences three years after Hurricane Sandy

Home buyout programs facilitate the permanent relocation of residents away from areas considered to be at risk from future hazards, though few studies have examined the impacts of home buyout programs on affected households and communities beyond the program implementation period. In this paper, we examine between-neighborhood variation in key recovery indicators for three neighborhoods that followed different paths to recovery after Hurricane Sandy: one that rebuilt in situ, one that participated in a buyout and relocated, and one located immediately adjacent to the buyout zone. Three years post-disaster, buyout participants are faring worse in terms of place attachment and social capital compared to residents in the other two neighborhoods, while the neighborhood adjacent to the buyout zone is also showing signs of decline. These findings suggest that the social costs of buyouts extend well into the recovery period, and that the place-based ties and social networks that would typically help individuals cope with disaster impacts and persevere through adversity may be diminished for buyout participants, ultimately hindering their recovery. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of buyouts on participating and affected communities, as well as implications for research and policy.     

苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘诱导人胚胎干细胞分化心肌细胞ROS、CYP基因表达和DNA损伤

多环芳烃(PAHs)化合物中的苯并[a]芘和PAHs暴露检测标志物1-羟基芘与心脏功能障碍有关,但其生物学机制尚不清楚。为研究苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对心脏的毒性作用,基于人胚胎干细胞分化心肌细胞(hESC-CM)研究了苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对心肌细胞活性氧(ROS)生成、CYP基因表达和DNA损伤等的影响。结果表明,苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对h ESC-CM活性无影响,但能显著增强细胞ROS水平,诱导DNA损伤。此外,苯并[a]芘还能诱导细胞线粒体促凋亡基因的表达。研究表明,苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘能通过诱导氧化应激和DNA损伤事件导致h ESC-CM损伤,在一定程度上解释了多环芳烃暴露导致心脏疾病的分子机制。     

保护人体健康的萘水质基准研究

依据我国《人体健康水质基准制定技术指南》（HJ 837—2017）,通过对萘的非致癌毒性效应及第二、三和四营养级的生物累积系数分析,推导了同时饮水和消费水产品以及仅消费水产品的萘污染物人体健康水质基准.研究结果显示,第二、三和四营养级的最终营养级生物累积系数分别为248,533,406L/kg,同时饮水和消费水产品的萘的人体健康水质基准为16.6μg/L,仅消费水产品的萘的人体健康水质基准为18.9μg/L.     

Striving for efficiency,harmony and vitality─A human ecological approach to urban sustainable development

Sustainability can only be assured with a human-ecological understanding of the complexinteractions among environmental,economic and social/cultural factors and with careful planningand management grounded in ecological principles. This paper will probe an integrative methodologyfor achieving environmentally sound, economically productive, and ecologically responsibledevelopment in urban and industrial areas of China through ecological regulation. The central objec-tive is to promote highly efficient resource use rather than high speed development,harmonious sys-tem′s relationship rather than inflexible compartmentalization, and robust and vital self-organizationrather than bureaucrstic control. This ecological order is to be regulated through technological inno-vation,institutional reform, and behavioral incentives that promote positive economic dcvelopmentwhile mitigating negative environmental impacts.     

菊花茶中砷含量特征及砷健康风险评价

菊花茶是深受人们喜爱的一种饮品,但其干燥过程及加工工艺不当会造成菊花茶的重金属污染,尤其是和硫磺矿伴生的重金属砷。以市售菊花茶为研究对象,采用硝酸-双氧水消解体系,高压密闭消解系统和原子荧光光谱法分析测定了其中砷(As)含量,对典型超标菊花茶样品进行不同冲泡方式的筛选,确定其适宜的饮用方式,并根据我国绿色代用茶行业标准和WHO砷最大日允许摄入量(ADI)对菊花茶中砷的人体健康风险做出评价。结果表明,菊花茶中砷的含量范围在0.01～3.52mg·kg-1,91.1%的样品符合绿色代用茶的《中华人民共和国农业行业标准》(0.5mg·kg-1),其中砷含量最高的为药用祁菊花达3.52mg·kg-1,所有样品中超标的8个菊花茶样品种类分别为祁白菊(2个),杭白菊(2个),黄山贡菊(1个)和野菊花(1个),怀菊和药用祁菊各1个,75%的超标样品为散装饮品;选择超标的2个典型菊花茶样品(杭白菊和药用祁菊花)进行冲泡方式筛选,得出适宜的饮用方式为:用水茶质量比例为25∶1的开水清洗菊花茶5min,然后用开水冲泡5～20min再饮用。随菊花茶进入人体的最大日摄入量(极限值)为43.7～169μg·d-1,其占ADI(allowable daily intake)的比值范围在34.1%～132%,其中随药用祁菊花进入人体的As最大日摄入量与ADI的比值超过100%,这表明砷经菊花茶饮品摄入人体内所潜在的健康风险不容忽视。砷超标的菊花茶经过冲泡后饮用,砷的人体日摄入量13.1～36.3μg·d-1,其占ADI的比值范围在10.3%～28.4%。因此,经过洗茶后再冲泡饮用,砷的日摄入量显著降低(P<0.01),建议饮用菊花茶时洗1次茶后再冲泡饮用。     

基于USEtox的焦化行业优先污染物筛选排序研究

针对焦化污染物的毒性影响,以山西省清徐市某焦化厂为研究对象,通过采样分析、文献调研,构建了焦化厂污染物排放清单,采用生命周期影响评价(LCIA)模型USEtox计算焦化污染物排放的人体及生态毒性影响,对结果进行排序筛选,分析并识别了焦化行业优先污染物、污染优先控制工段以及焦化厂选址对毒性排放的影响,为区域人体健康及生态环境保护提供了科学依据.结果表明,焦化行业排放的人体毒性优先污染物为苯并[a]芘、锌等,生态毒性优先污染物为芘、蒽等;在装煤、焦炉烟囱、推焦和熄焦这4个工段的排放中,有机毒性排放集中于装煤工段,优先污染物为苯并[a]芘、苯、萘、二苯[a,h]蒽等,金属毒性排放集中于熄焦工段,优先污染物为锌、砷、锑、汞等;焦化污染物毒性受排放地区的影响,厂区从城市迁至农村的过程可以大幅降低有机物的毒性影响,但是对于金属毒性的降低并无积极作用,并且会增加农村土壤和水体受重金属污染的风险.     

鄱阳湖河湖交错区鱼类重金属含量特征及健康风险评估

河湖交错区是流域重金属污染物进入湖泊的主要通道,也是重金属富集的主要场所.本文通过在鄱阳湖河湖交错区采集10种114尾大型经济鱼类,从组织、体长体重、食性、栖息水层、区域等多个方面分析鱼类重金属Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的含量特征及差异,识别影响鄱阳湖鱼类重金属含量水平的关键因素,评估居民摄取鱼类重...