自配标准溶液不确定度的评定

测量不确定度（uncertainty of measurement）是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性,与测量结果相联系的参数。不确定度一词指可疑程度,广义而言,测量不确定度是对测量结果正确性的可疑程度。标准溶液作为一种标准物质,有许多优点,比如使用方便、溶液均匀、量值准确等。在环境监测分析中经常要使用标准溶液,在配制过程产生不确定度,而标准溶液的不确定度直接影响检测结果的不确定度,因此,对自配标准溶液的测量不确定度进行合理评定,显得尤为重要。配制标准溶液时的合成不确定度与称量的溶质质量、物质的纯度、配制体积、环境温度的不确定度等有关,充分分析不确定度的来源上,得出其扩展不确定度。并以亚硝酸盐标准溶液为例,全面分析了影响标准溶液不确定度的因素,给出了不确定度评定的具体过程和方法。     

某核电站大气中主要污染物检测与分析

通过对某核电站现场采集的大气污染物样品进行检测与分析,获得该核电站所处环境中主要大气污染物的含量、变化范围及变化规律。通过对检测数据的对比分析,提出了该地区Cr含量的分布范围以及酸雨频繁的原因,为某核电站的防腐设计提供了科学依据。     

水压致裂法测量三维地应力研究

以弹性力学为基础,阐述了水压致裂法测量平面及三维地应力的原理,并以某水电站为例,通过套芯法与水压致裂法所进行的三维地应力测量实例对比发现,两者实测结果一致,说明水压致裂法测量三维地应力具有操作简便、可重复测试、测量速度快与测值可靠等优点.     

铁路边界噪声限值测量中若干问题的讨论

阐述了铁路边界噪声测量中所遇到的问题主要有,铁路边界的界定,背景噪声的修正和测点距轨面相对高度、测点与轨道的地面状况,并对铁路噪声预测模式进行了对比分析,以及如何测量等实际问题提出了解决办法。     

用干湿球测量相对湿度的不确定度分析

对干湿球法测量相对湿度时测量不确定度的数学模型进行分析,并对测量不确定度的各个分量进行分析,结合实测数据得出测量相对湿度的不确定度0.92%。     

四氯化碳显色法测定溶解氧

本文介绍了一种测定溶解氧的新方法。此方法快速、准确、分析结果直观、适合应急监测。     

Corporate social responsibility: sustainable water use

Freshwater scarcity is no longer limited to sub-Saharan developing countries; also in Western society, access to unlimited amounts of freshwater is not assured at all times. It has been argued - and laid down in many national legal systems - that access to freshwater is a basic human right. What if corporate freshwater use threatens to interfere with this human right? The main focus of the article is to explore the role of today’s companies in relation to freshwater. A number of tools have been developed to attend to the necessity to reduce corporate use of freshwater. The article discusses specialised water reporting instruments such as the 2007 Global Water Tool and the ‘water footprint’ calculation method. In addition, attention is paid to a CERES report (2010) revealing that the majority of the 100 world’s leading companies in water-intensive industries still has weak management and disclosures of water-related risks and opportunities. To obtain concrete information about corporate water strategies and practices, an explorative analysis was conducted on 20 Dutch multinational companies. The article highlights various innovative practices. In sum, it is demonstrated that companies are expected to bear responsibility for their impact on water resources, in particular when it influences public access to water in areas with freshwater scarcity and/or weak government. Notwithstanding the critical conclusions of the CERES report, it is interesting to see an evolution in corporate research concerning sustainable water use and the development of greener products and greener ways of production.     

Empirical research on construction of a measurement framework for tourism carbon emission in China

According to the logic process of carbon reduction in China which arises from the measurement to reduction, from reduction to offsetting, the measurement of carbon emission in the tourism industry was the first and key step. Based on the life cycle assessment theory and input–output analysis, this article used economic and environmental measurement technologies, The System of National Accounting (SNA), Tourism Satellite Account (TSA), System of Integrated Environment and Economic Accounting (SEEA), and so on, and built up a top-down carbon emission analysis framework for the tourism industry and estimated carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007. The finding showed that the total carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 169.78 million tons, covering 2.71% of carbon emission of all industries in China in 2007, and 2.44% of the total carbon emission in China in 2007. The direct carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 73.56 million tons, including transportation (50.14 million tons), sightseeing (1.33 million tons), lodging (4.19 million tons), accommodation (4.73 million tons), shopping (8.14 million tons), entertainment (0.67 million tons), communication (0.45 million tons), and others (3.90 million tons). The indirect carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 96.23 million tons, mostly contributed by coking, gas, and petroleum processing industries, transportation and warehousing industry, machinery and equipment manufacturing industry, and food manufacturing and tobacco processing industry, which covered 57%.     

北京上甸子大气本底站氢氟碳化物在线观测研究

在北京上甸子区域大气本底站利用气相色谱/质谱联用（GC-MS）系统对大气中11种氢氟碳化物（HFCs）开展在线观测研究.2018年1~12月,HFC-23、HFC-32、HFC-125、HFC-134a、HFC-143a、HFC-152a、HFC-227ea、HFC-236fa、HFC-245fa、HFC-365mfc、HFC-4310mee本底数据浓度分别为：（31.9±0.4）×10^-12、（22.1±1.7）×10^-12、（29.3±1.3）×10^-12、（110.2±2.4）×10^-12、（24.0±0.3）×10^-12、（10.3±0.7）×10^-12、（1.59±0.04）×10^-12、（0.19±0.01）×10^-12、（3.30±0.08）×10^-12、（1.27±0.03）×10^-12、（0.28±0.01）×10^-12;本底数据出现频率分别为：34.5%、23.4%、22.5%、24.6%、24.5%、42.5%、24.3%、46.4%、38.3%、68.1%、77.9%;非本底数据浓度分别为：（39.2±11.1）×10^-12、（47.7±21.8）×10^-12、（38.6±8.7）×10^-12、（137.3±15.7）×10^-12、（26.1±2.2）×10^-12、（15.9±7.0）×10^-12、（2.77±1.11）×10^-12、（0.25±0.06）×10^-12、（4.10±0.97）×10^-12、（1.34±0.06）×10^-12、（0.30±0.01）×10^-12.HFC-32、HFC-125、HFC-134a、HFC-143a、HFC-227ea本底浓度呈线性上升趋势,年增长率分别为：4.4×10^-12,3.8×10^-12,7.3×10^-12,1.0×10^-12,0.14×10^-12a^-1,而HFC-152a呈现明显的季节变化.以CO为示踪物利用示踪物比值相关法估算了HFC-23、HFC-32、HFC-125、HFC-143a、HFC-152a、HFC-236fa、HFC-245fa排放量,分别为6.4,17,14,27,4.0,0.10,1.3kt/a.     

黔中地区不同林龄马尾松小气候特征研究

以黔中地区不同林龄马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用时空替代法,选取农田（对照）、林窗、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林6个样地,每月选择代表日分时段测量光照强度、光通量密度、气温、相对湿度、蒸气压亏损和风速等小气候指标,同时对样地内不同垂直高度（0.5,1.0和1.5m）观测指标进行比较.结果表明：（1）除风速随测量高度变化（1.5m > 1.0m > 0.5m）差异极显著外（P<0.01）,其余观测指标随测量高度均无显著差异（P>0.05）.（2）观测时段内,不同林龄马尾松林小气候均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,其中光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速变化为农田 > 林窗 > 马尾松林;相对湿度变化为马尾松林 > 林窗 > 农田.（3）与农田相比,马尾松林分别降低了光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速的917.36%、837.35%、5.33%、30.77%、193.58%,增加了6.39%的相对湿度,具有显著的遮阳降温、增湿保湿、维持林冠下小气候稳定的作用.在演替前期,抵挡阳光和风速的效果明显,而在后期,降温增湿以及保湿效果显著.舒适度评价显示,除冬季外,黔中地区马尾松林可发挥良好的森林康养和游憩生态功能.