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采用SCMT型自旋传质生物载体填料处理城市污水,对比研究结果表明:SCMT型自旋传质生物载体填料具有良好的传质性能,在停留时间为1.0 h,气水比为4∶1的情况下,反应器出水水质能够达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)》中规定的二级标准. 相似文献
444.
新型移动床生物膜反应器水力特性的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
新型移动床生物膜反应器是在普通移动床生物膜反应器中引入导流板,使填料在全池循环移动,消除了普遍移动床生物膜的死角问题,改进了它的结构和运行方式,提高了反应器的效能。通过清水实验对反应器的水力特性进行了研究,确定了反应器构造、填料填充比,考察了曝气充氧性能,研究结果认为该反应器内的水流状态大致符合理想全混合反应器的流态,并具有较好的节能效果。 相似文献
445.
通过在5组相同型号的SBBR反应器(A、B、C、D和E)内调节进水中的Ca2+含量,研究Ca^2+在净水生物膜团聚体培养过程的作用影响。结果表明,进水Ca2+投加浓度为25 mg/L时驯化培养的生物膜团聚体具有较好的抗挤压能力,抗压强度达到了22 N/cm2,密度为1.059 g/cm^3,活性微生物的百分含量达到了86.90%,远远高于一般污泥团聚体中的微生物含量。分析运行效果,反应器C和D的生物膜团聚体通过29 d的驯化培养就达到了一个比较好的净水效果,并能维持稳定状态,相比于一般生物膜反应器的驯化时间有所缩短。不同进水负荷条件下氨氮的去除率变化表明,反应器C和D针对不同进水负荷表现出来的适应效果明显优于其他反应器。 相似文献
446.
稀性泥石流的平均运动速度研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
余斌 《防灾减灾工程学报》2009,29(5):541-548
泥石流的运动速度是泥石流动力学研究中最重要的参数。稀性泥石流是常见也是危害较大的泥石流类型,准确而简洁地计算稀性泥石流的运动速度非常重要。现有的稀性泥石流平均速度经验公式,在使用上和适用地区上还存在一些问题。本文通过分析一系列稀性泥石流观测资料中的体积浓度与稀性泥石流的运动速度和阻力特征的关系,得出了一个新的计算稀性泥石流平均运动速度的经验公式,该公式能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,适用于一般急流的稀性泥石流;对于缓流稀性泥石流,计算值与观测值相比偏大,但很接近;不适用于缓慢稀性泥石流。本文提出的经验公式,使用简洁,计算稳定,与其他方法计算的稀性泥石流平均运动速度很接近。该速度计算经验公式也适用于稀性泥石流堆积扇上游沟道,但对于堆积扇上的速度,计算值偏大,且越往堆积扇的下游,偏差越大。 相似文献
447.
Christopher J. Woltemade Jinnieth Woodward 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(1):222-234
ABSTRACT: In 2001, the 1.04‐ha Hornbaker wetland in south‐central Pennsylvania was restored by blocking an artificial drainage ditch to increase water storage and hydraulic retention time (HRT). A primary goal was to diminish downstream delivery of nitrate that enters the wetland from a limestone spring, its main source of inflow. Wetland inflow and outflow were monitored weekly for two years to assess nitrate flux, water temperature, pH, and specific conductivity. In Year 2, spring discharge was measured weekly to allow calculation of nitrate loads and hydraulic retention time. Surface runoff was confirmed to be a small fraction of wetland inflows via rainfall‐runoff modeling with TR‐55. The full dataset (n = 102) was screened to remove 13 weeks in which spring discharge constituted < 85% of total inflows because of high precipitation and surface runoff. Over two years (n = 89), mean nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations were 7.89 mg/l in inflow and 3.68 mg/l in outflow, with a mean nitrate removal of 4.19 mg/l. During Year 2 (n = 47), for which nitrate load data were available, the wetland removed an average of 2.32 kg N/day, 65% of the load. Nitrate removal was significantly correlated with HRT, water temperature, and the concentration of nitrate in inflow and was significantly greater during the growing season (5.36 mg/l, 64%) than during the non‐growing season (3.23 mg/l, 43%). This study indicates that hydrologic restoration of formerly drained wetlands can provide substantial water quality benefits and that the hydrologic characteristics of spring‐fed wetlands, in particular, support effective nitrogen removal. 相似文献
448.
Gregory V. Wilkerson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(1):243-257
Abstract: Knowledge of bankfull discharge (Qbf) is essential for planners, engineers, geomorphologists, environmentalists, agricultural interests, developments situated on flood prone lands, surface mining and reclamation activities, and others interested in floods and flooding. In conjunction with estimating Qbf, regionalized bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships, which relate Qbf and associated channel dimensions (i.e., width, depth, and cross‐section area) to drainage basin area (Ada), are often used. This study seeks to improve upon the common practice of predicting Qbf using Ada exclusively. Specifically, we hypothesize that predictions of Qbf can be improved by including estimates of the 2‐year recurrence‐period discharge (Q2) in regression models for predicting Qbf. For testing this hypothesis, we used Qbf estimates from 30 reports containing data for streams that span 34 hydrologic regions in 16 states. Corresponding values of Q2 and Ada were compiled from flood‐frequency reports and other sources. By comparing statistical measures (i.e., root mean squared error, coefficient of determination, and Akaike’s information criterion), we determined that predicting Qbf from Q2 rather than Ada yields consistently better estimates of Qbf. Other principal findings are (1) data are needed for at least 12 sites in a region for reliable hydraulic geometry model selection and (2) an approximate range of values for Qbf/Q2 is 0.10‐3.0. 相似文献
449.
Ali Ercan M. Levent Kavvas Kara Carr Zachary Hockett Hossein Bandeh Timothy D. Mussen Dennis Cocherell Jamilynn B. Poletto Joseph J. Cech Jr. Nann A. Fangue 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(2):431-441
Most of the water diversions on the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers (California, United States) and their tributaries are currently unscreened. These unscreened diversions are commonly used for irrigation and are potentially harmful to migrating and resident fishes. A large flume (test section: 18.29 m long, 3.05 m wide and 3.20 m high) was used to investigate the hydraulic fields near an unscreened water diversion under ecologically and hydraulically relevant diversion rates and channel flow characteristics. We investigated all combinations of three diversion rates (0.28, 0.42, and 0.57 m3/s) and three sweeping velocities (0.15, 0.38, and 0.61 m/s), with one additional test at 0.71 m3/s and 0.15 m/s. We measured the three‐dimensional velocity field at seven cross sections near a diversion pipe and constructed regression equations of the observed maximum velocities near the pipe. Because the velocity components in three directions (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) were significantly greater near the diversion pipe inlet compared with those farther from it, they cannot be neglected in the modeling and design of fish guidance and protection devices for diversion pipes. Our results should be of great value in quantifying the hydraulic fields that are formed around fish guidance devices to design more effective protection for fishes from entrainment into unscreened water‐diversion pipes. 相似文献
450.
There has been considerable public interest regarding the toxicity of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, but little is known about its sister technique, acidizing. Little to no research has been done on what the chemicals of acidization are and what impact they could have on humans and the environment. This paper discusses the differences between three acidizing techniques (acid maintenance, matrix acidization, and acid fracturing) and quantifies the amounts of the chemicals used for each. Washington State's Quick Chemical Assessment Tool is used to identify F-graded toxins, which are known carcinogens, mutagens, reproductive toxins, developmental toxins, endocrine disruptors, or high acute toxicity chemicals. The analysis of the present data shows that there have been over 600 instances of acidizing in urbanized Southern and Central California from April 2013 to August 2015. Although most of the chemicals of acidizing are similar to hydraulic fracturing, those used most frequently are different. There are close to 200 specific chemicals used in acidization, with at least 28 of them being F-graded hazardous chemicals. Some are used frequently in the range of 100–1000 kg per treatment, such as hydrofluoric acid, xylene, diethylene glycol, and ethyl benzene. Close to 90 more chemicals are identified using non-specific names as trade secrets or reported with no quantity. Unlike hydraulic fracturing the chemical concentrations in acidizing are high, ranging from 6% to 18%, and the waste returns can be highly acidic, in the range of pH 0–3. With this paper it is hoped that acidization becomes part of the larger discussion on concerns with oil exploration and be evaluated by appropriate authorities. 相似文献