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81.
Joseph N.T. Darbah Mark E. Kubiske Katre Kets Anu Sober David F. Karnosky 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(4):983-19373
Photosynthetic acclimation under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or ozone (O3) has been the topic of discussion in many papers recently. We examined whether or not aspen plants grown under elevated CO2 and/or O3 will acclimate after 11 years of exposure at the Aspen Face site in Rhinelander, WI, USA. We studied diurnal patterns of instantaneous photosynthetic measurements as well as A/Ci measurements monthly during the 2004-2008 growing seasons. Our results suggest that the responses of two aspen clones differing in O3 sensitivity showed no evidence of photosynthetic and stomatal acclimation under either elevated CO2, O3 or CO2 + O3. Both clones 42E and 271 did not show photosynthetic nor stomatal acclimation under elevated CO2 and O3 after a decade of exposure. We found that the degree of increase or decrease in the photosynthesis and stomatal conductance varied significantly from day to day and from one season to another. 相似文献
82.
Ruiqiang Yang An Li Chuanyong Jing Pu Wang Guibin Jiang 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(6):2310-2316
High mountains may play significant roles in the global transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This work aims to investigate the levels, patterns and distribution of semi-volatile organoclorine pollutants and to improve the understanding of the long-range atmospheric transport and fate of contaminants on the Tibetan Plateau. A total of 60 fish samples were collected from eight lakes located between 2813 and 4718 m above sea level across the Plateau. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in fish muscle. The results showed that concentrations of DDT, HCH and HCB were comparable to or lower than those found in remote mountains of Europe, Canada and US, while PCB concentrations in fish were, on average, about 4-150 times lower on Tibet than at other mountain areas. The transport and fate of contaminants in the Plateau are significantly influenced by the unique climatological and meteorological conditions, particularly by the summer Indian monsoon and winter westerly jet stream. 相似文献
83.
Implications of high altitude desert dust transport from Western Sahara to Nile Delta during biomass burning season 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anup K. Prasad Hesham El-Askary Menas Kafatos 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(11):3385-3391
The air over major cities and rural regions of the Nile Delta is highly polluted during autumn which is the biomass burning season, locally known as black cloud. Previous studies have attributed the increased pollution levels during the black cloud season to the biomass or open burning of agricultural waste, vehicular, industrial emissions, and secondary aerosols. However, new multi-sensor observations (column and vertical profiles) from satellites, dust transport models and associated meteorology present a different picture of the autumn pollution. Here we show, for the first time, the evidence of long range transport of dust at high altitude (2.5-6 km) from Western Sahara and its deposition over the Nile Delta region unlike current Models. The desert dust is found to be a major contributor to the local air quality which was previously considered to be due to pollution from biomass burning enhanced by the dominant northerly winds coming from Europe. 相似文献
84.
Kelly P. Grogan Robert A. Fjeld Timothy A. DeVol 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(10):847-853
The effect of the spatial variability of Kd on calculations of contaminant travel time in the vadose zone was determined. Depth discrete measurements of Kd were made for a suite of radionuclides (109Cd, 57Co, 60Co, 85Sr, 137Cs, and 88Y) utilizing a sediment core from the E-Area at the Savannah River Site. The Kd’s were ordered as 85Sr2+ < 137Cs+ < 109Cd2+ < 57Co2+ = 60Co2+ << 88Y3+ and the values generally fell below or near the lowest quartile of values reported in the literature. Correlations were generally weak between soil properties and Kd values. Most importantly, all of the Kd distributions could be reasonably approximated as log-normal. Deterministic and stochastic calculations of contaminant travel time to the water table were made. The deterministic calculations were based on each of three conceptual models of the vadose zone: complete stratification (17 strata, each with a different Kd), two strata (two sections of the vadose zone, each characterized by a single, average Kd), and unstratified (a single zone with an average Kd). Stochastic calculations were based on log-normal fits to the Kd data. The two strata model generally yielded travel times 2× greater than those in the completely stratified model. The unstratified model yielded travel times that were between 3 and 5 times greater than the completely stratified model. The stochastic mean travel times were comparable to those of the two strata model. 相似文献
85.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and mercury in fish from lakes of the Tibetan Plateau 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
High mountains may act as cold traps for globally transported persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg). In the present study, 60 fish samples were collected from eight alpine lakes across the Tibetan Plateau. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total mercury (HgT) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were quantified in the fish muscle tissues to improve the understanding of pollution status and factors regulating the transport and fate of these contaminants on the Plateau. The results showed that lake-averaged ∑14PBDEs concentration was between 0.09 ng g−1 dw and 4.32 ng g−1 dw, which was lower than those reported for European mountains. The total mercury concentration in individual fish ranged from 243 to 2384 ng g−1 dw, and that of MeHg from 131 to 1610 ng g−1 dw, which is much higher than those reported in other mountain fish. The spatial variation of PBDEs and mercury in the Plateau is largely controlled by the specific meteorological patterns. 相似文献
86.
Fang J Shan XQ Wen B Lin JM Owens G Zhou SR 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1248-1256
The effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the transport of Cu through four different soil columns were studied. For two soils (HB and DX), TiO2 nanoparticles acted as a Cu carrier and facilitated the transport of Cu. For a third soil (BJ) TiO2 nanoparticles also facilitated Cu transport but to a much lesser degree, but for a fourth soil (HLJ) TiO2 nanoparticles retarded the transport of Cu. Linear correlation analysis indicated that soil properties rather than sorption capacities for Cu primary governed whether TiO2 nanoparticles-facilitated Cu transport. The TiO2-associated Cu of outflow in the Cu-contaminated soil columns was significantly positively correlated with soil pH and negatively correlated with CEC and DOC. During passage through the soil columns 46.6-99.9% of Cu initially adsorbed onto TiO2 could be “stripped” from nanoparticles depending on soil, where Cu desorption from TiO2 nanoparticles increased with decreasing flow velocity and soil pH. 相似文献
87.
88.
为探索浅水湖泊水动力扰动作用对底泥再悬浮影响的规律,在室内矩形水槽内模拟了各种水动力条件下太湖底泥的起动规律,得到了太湖底泥在3种不同起动标准下的起动流速,通过考察上覆水中悬浮物浓度的变化,建立了底泥沉积物再悬浮通量与水体流速的定量化关系。结果表明:太湖底泥在个别动、少量动、普遍动3种标准下的起动流速分别为15、30和40 cm/s,且底泥沉积物再悬浮通量与流速呈现线性正相关关系,再悬浮通量随流速增大而增大,且相关性较好。将该试验结果应用于太湖的水量水质数学模型中,并和太湖实测资料进行了对比,取得了比较满意的效果。该模拟装置能够在室内可控条件下较好地反映太湖沉积物再悬浮特征,对太湖的富营养化治理具有重要意义。 相似文献
89.
A modified version of the Multimedia Activity Model for Ionics MAMI, including two-layered atmosphere, air-water interface partitioning, intermittent rainfall and variable cloud coverage was developed to simulate the atmospheric fate of ten low volatility or ionizable organic chemicals. Probabilistic simulations describing the uncertainty of substance and environmental input properties were run to evaluate the impact of atmospheric parameters, ionization and air-water (or air-ice) interface enrichment.The rate of degradation and the concentration of OH radicals, the duration of dry and wet periods, and the parameters describing air-water partitioning (KAW and temperature) and ionization (pKa and pH) are the key parameters determining the potential for long range transport. Wet deposition is an important removal process, but its efficiency is limited, primarily by the duration of the dry period between precipitation events.Given the underlying model assumptions, the presence of clouds contributes to the higher persistence in the troposphere because of the capacity of cloud water to accumulate and transport non-volatile (e.g. 2,4-D) and surface-active chemicals (e.g. PFOA). This limits the efficiency of wet deposition from the troposphere enhancing long-range transport. 相似文献
90.
交通运输是国民经济的基础部门.未来随着国民经济的快速发展和人均收入水平的不断提高,交通运输部门的能源消费量将会以较高的速度增长,在决定我国终端能耗的局面中占据着非常重要的地位.本文应用集合模型方法建立了中国能源服务需求预测模型( Energy service demand projection model,ESDPM),在对未来经济和社会发展进行合理假设的基础上,预测了中国未来一直到2050年的客运和货运周转量以及小汽车保有量,并进行了国家和地区间的比较.结果显示,2005-2050年中国的客运和货运周转量将分别以年均增长率5.9%和5.1%的速度增长,2050年客运和货运周转量将分别达到23.1万亿人·km和74.7万亿t·km.小汽车将随着人均GDP的快速增加呈现出明显的"S"型增长关系,在小汽车拥有率饱和水平选取为0.4时,小汽车保有量将稳定在5.8亿辆左右. 相似文献