我国水电可持续发展的理性思考

我国是世界水能资源最为丰富的国家,但目前开发利用率仅为21%。当前我国正处于全面建设小康社会的重要战略机遇期,能源需求量持续增长,水电开发迎来了前所未有的发展机遇,但也面临水库移民、生态环境等难题。在对水库的温室气体排放、大型水电是否属于可再生能源、水库移民及库区可持续发展等问题进行分析研究的基础上,应用经济学的外部性理论对水电项目进行了政策分析,认为国家在政策上应大力鼓励支持开发水电,同时要加强严格监管,使其担负起所应承担的社会责任,促进地方经济持续发展和社会全面进步,并提出了水电开发与经济、社会、环境协调发展模式。     

浅谈水电工程中混凝土生产系统环保措施

以现在水电工程建设中的混凝土生产系统为基础，从水土保护保持、废水、废气、废油排放，粉尘污染，噪声污染，交通运输，废料，生活废水，垃圾等方面为工程提供混凝土生产系统的环保控制措施。     

加速开发水力资源切实扭转缺电局面之探讨

我国缺电严重的根源是煤炭、石油等一次能源短缺,而且,直到2000年也难以逆转。由于火电是把一次能源加工转换成电力(二次能源),只是能源工业内部的加工产业,因而仅仅加快发展火电,扭转不了缺电局面;只有立即加快发展水电,真正实行水、火井举,缺电局面才有可能有所缓解。     

A comparison of fixed-site and non-fixed-site approaches for species protection

The efficacy of simultaneously advancing two distinct conceptual designs (referred to here as fixed-site and non-fixed-site) for species conservation and protection is addressed. In the literature, numerous models can be found that typically stem from a particular design, but rarely are comparisons made between approaches. This paper presents a more integrated optimization framework that models landowner behavior and species viabilities at a landscape scale. Regional demand for resource extraction is used as the economic driver, a variant of simulated annealing is used to solve the model under different species protection approaches, and a detailed species population simulator is utilized to measure biological responses. When directly comparing the outcomes of different species protection strategies from a case study in Oregon (USA), it was found that neither approach was universally superior in terms of financial value or degree of protection for two late seral forest dependent species.     

Loss Rates from Lake Powell and Their Impact on Management of the Colorado River

As demand for water in the southwestern United States increases and climate change potentially decreases the natural flows in the Colorado River system, there will be increased need to optimize the water supply. Lake Powell is a large reservoir with potentially high loss rates to bank storage and evaporation. Bank storage is estimated as a residual in the reservoir water balance. Estimates of local inflow contribute uncertainty to estimates of bank storage. Regression analyses of local inflow with gaged tributaries have improved the estimate of local inflow. Using a stochastic estimate of local inflow based on the standard error of the regression estimator and of gross evaporation based on observed variability at Lake Mead, a reservoir water balance was used to estimate that more than 14.8 billion cubic meters (Gm³) has been stored in the banks, with a 90% probability that the value is actually between 11.8 and 18.5 Gm³. Groundwater models developed by others, observed groundwater levels, and simple transmissivity calculations confirm these bank storage estimates. Assuming a constant bank storage fraction for simulations of the future may cause managers to underestimate the actual losses from the reservoir. Updated management regimes which account more accurately for bank storage and evaporation could save water that will otherwise be lost to the banks or evaporation.     

Evident but context-dependent mortality of fish passing hydroelectric turbines

Globally, policies aiming for conservation of species, free-flowing rivers, and promotion of hydroelectricity as renewable energy and as a means to decarbonize energy systems generate trade-offs between protecting freshwater fauna and development of hydropower. Hydroelectric turbines put fish at risk of severe injury during passage. Therefore, comprehensive, reliable analyses of turbine-induced fish mortality are pivotal to support an informed debate on the sustainability of hydropower (i.e., how much a society is willing to pay in terms of costs incurred on rivers and their biota). We compiled and examined a comprehensive, global data set of turbine fish-mortality assessments involving >275,000 individual fish of 75 species to estimate mortality across turbine types and fish species. Average fish mortality from hydroelectric turbines was 22.3% (95% CI 17.5–26.7%) when accounting for common uncertainties related to empirical estimates (e.g., handling- or catch-related effects). Mortality estimates were highly variable among and within different turbine types, study methods, and taxa. Technical configurations of hydroelectric turbines that successfully reduce fish mortality and fish-protective hydropower operation as a global standard could balance the need for renewable energy with protection of fish biodiversity.     

赠曲河流域开发规划的环境影响优化调整方案研究

针对四川省甘孜州白玉县赠曲河流域开发规划进行了分析,发现在该流域实施梯级电站建设,存在淹没实物指标较大、破坏保护鱼类栖息地和淹没尾矿库等问题。论文结合当地环境条件和防护要求,从环境保护角度提出了调整规划河段范围、放弃支沟引水、调整梯级正常蓄水位和枢纽布置以及搬迁尾矿库等优化调整方案,为规划的合理实施和规划环评的开展提供了可资借鉴的参考。     

基于粗糙集的水电工程施工安全评价方法

为克服传统施工安全评价方法不能解决的评价指标和事故的映射关系、定权和变权、随机性和模糊性等问题,围绕水电工程施工过程,建立施工与运行相耦合的安全评价指标。通过引入粗糙集理论,将具有随机性和模糊性的事故原因数据化,利用粗糙集理论简化施工安全评价指标,确定最小评价指标集及耦合权值,使得无规律的给定的数据具有研究的价值,从而使得评价方法具有近似函数的功能,达到从定权向变权科学的过渡。结果表明:利用粗糙集理论可以确定水电工程施工中的安全指标权重,有效降低安全评价成本,对于水电工程施工安全评价具有很好的应用价值。     

基于水电工程的应急执行力构成要素分析

针对水电工程突发事件,充分考虑水电工程的作业环境和建设特点,结合执行力理论,创造性地将危机管理和执行力相耦合,提出了应急执行力的概念,认为应急执行力是指在一定的时间约束和高度的资源约束条件下采取正确的执行方法和手段实现救援目标的能力。同时,还对应急执行力的4个构成要素——心态、工具、流程和角色做了详细的分析,以期为水电工程突发事件的应急处置提供一种新的思路和方向。     

水电站地下厂房机电安装阶段职业病危害检测及分析

近年来正在建设或待建的一大批大型水电工程都采用地下厂房方案,大型水电站地下厂房系统极为复杂,施工过程中的职业危害严重。通过对某电站地下厂房机电安装阶段工作场所的电焊烟尘、锰及其无机化合物、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、臭氧、氮氧化物、噪声、紫外辐射等有害因素进行检测,对检测结果超标的有害因素分析超标的原因,为探求水电工程地下厂房施工期的职业危害的防控对策提供相关的依据。